基于光声信号的高铁钢轨表面缺陷检测方法  

Method for detecting high-speed rail surface defects by photoacoustic signal

作　　者：孙明健[1,2] 程星振 王艳[1] 章欣[1] 沈毅[1] 冯乃章[2] 

机构地区：[1]哈尔滨工业大学航天学院,哈尔滨150001 [2]哈尔滨工业大学(威海)信息与电气工程学院,威海264200

出　　处：《物理学报》2016年第3期343-352,共10页Acta Physica Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(批准号:61201307,61371045,61171197);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(批准号:HIT.NSRIF.2013132);山东省重点研发计划(批准号:2015GGX103016);中国博士后科学基金面上项目(批准号:2015M571413)资助的课题~~

摘　　要：针对传统的基于超声信号的高铁钢轨无损检测方法对于表面微裂纹检测效果不佳的问题,提出了一种基于光声信号的高铁钢轨表面缺陷检测方法.首先,使用有限元及K-wave方法建立了钢轨模型并获得了模拟光声信号;然后利用时间反演的方法对钢轨表面的光声图像进行了重建,并研究了不同传感器中心频率对成像结果的影响;最后设计实验采集了钢轨表面的光声信号并进行了处理和分析.实验结果表明,基于光声信号的高铁钢轨表面缺陷检测方法对于表面微裂纹有很好的检测效果,该方法在钢轨探伤领域有较大的可行性及发展潜力.Railway plays a major role in our daily life and national economy. In recent years, people payed much more attention to the safety operation of the high-speed train. In fact, the rail cracks originate from surface micro cracks will directly affect the safety of high-speed train. Therefore, it is vital to detect the rail surface micro cracks.Numerous nondestructive testing methods have been developed and applied in the detection of high speed rail cracks,such as magnetic particle testing, eddy current testing, and ultrasonic testing, etc. However, all the above conventional methods could only achieve crack information from the point of one-dimensional signal but not effective for the detection of surface micro cracks. A surface defect detection method based on photoacoustic（PA） signal from high speed rail is proposed soas to detect the surface crack more exactly and visually.Simulation and experiments are designed to validate the proposed method. Firstly, three models of high-speed rail with transverse crack, oblique crack, and scale stripping are established respectively. Meanwhile, the PA effect is simulated by finite element analysis and K-wave. Then, PA image of the rail surface is reconstructed by time inversion reconstruction algorithm, and some parameters, such as the center frequency of ultrasonic sensor and the laser power are also confirmed in further simulation. Subsequently, an experimental platform is established to collect the actual PA signal from a rail surface and to reconstruct PA images of the rail surface and shallow layer. The crack appearing in PA images are clear enough to show the receive crack information, such as sizes, propagating directions, and locations,which can be used to evaluate the rail states and decide processing scheme.It is proved that clear images of rail surface and shallow layer can be received by the detecting method of high-speed rail surface defects based on photoacoustic signal, and the surface cracks can be detected effectively.

关 键 词：无损检测 光声成像 高铁钢轨 有限元 

分 类 号：U216.3[交通运输工程—道路与铁道工程]