累犯从严量刑适用实证研究  

An Empirical Research on the Application of Severely Punishing Repeated Offenders

作　　者：劳佳琦[1] 

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学刑事法律科学研究院

出　　处：《中国法学》2016年第1期247-268,共22页China Legal Science

基　　金：2014年北京师范大学自主科研青年基金项目"刑事一体化视野下女性累犯实证研究"(项目批准号:SKXJS204025)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：通说认为,累犯情节反映出累犯较大的人身危险性,所以应该对其从重处罚。我国《刑法》明确规定了累犯应当从重处罚,但对累犯应当怎样从重处罚却语焉不详。直到近年,最高人民法院《量刑指导意见》的出台才为量刑阶段如何实现累犯从严提供了更为细化的指导。本研究以我国10万个刑事判决书为研究样本,综合运用多种实证研究方法,先后考察了累犯情节整体以及累犯情节各个构成维度对量刑结果的实然影响,结果发现:累犯情节作为一个整体确实对量刑结果存在显著的从严调整作用,然而就累犯情节各个构成维度而言,除了累犯后罪的性质与轻重和累犯从严幅度呈显著正相关以外,累犯前罪的轻重与性质、累犯前后罪的关系、累犯前罪刑罚执行完毕或赦免以后至再犯罪时间的长短对于量刑结果均不产生显著影响。经验层面的累犯情节量刑适用呈现出"轻轻重重"的适用规律。尽管法官关于累犯从严量刑适用的集体实践具有一定的合理性,司法实践中人身危险性评估的感性判断模式却亟待改进,引入精算式的评估工具不失为一种有益尝试。The common theory believes that we have to punish the repeated offenders more harshly for they are more dangerous than the non - repeated offenders. Although the Criminal Law in China declares clearly that the repeated offenders need to be punished more severely, it never tells us how. Until Recently, People＇ s Court Sentencing Guidance promulgated by the Supreme Court has offered a more specific guidance on the Recidivist Premium. Based on one hundred thousand criminal judgments all over China, this study uses multiple research methods to examine the Recidivist Premium in the sentencing process in China. This study finds that only the seriousness of the current offense is positively correlated with the Sentencing Recidivist Premium, though the judges do punish the repeated offenders more harshly. It suggests that the judges in China predict the future dangerousness of repeated offenders mainly based on the seriousness of the current offense, which also ultimately determines the extent of the Sentencing Recidivist Premium. The Matthew Effect does exist in the Sentencing Recidivist Premium in China. The practice of judges have certain rationality does not mean the clinical judgment on future dangerousness is acceptable. It is time for China to adopt actuarial assessment tool to identify dangerous offenders.

关 键 词：累犯从严 量刑 人身危险性 

分 类 号：D924.1[政治法律—刑法学]