“船坚炮利”:一个明代已有的欧洲印象  

“Advanced Cannons and Warships”:An European Impression Began in the Ming Dynasty

作　　者：庞乃明[1] 

机构地区：[1]南开大学历史学院,副教授历史学博士天津300350

出　　处：《史学月刊》2016年第2期51-65,共15页Journal of Historical Science

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目"欧洲势力东渐与晚明社会变迁研究"(10BZS022);南开大学亚洲研究中心项目"认知与应对:明清欧洲观与对欧外交方略"(AS1305)

摘　　要：所谓"船坚炮利",殆指战船坚固,火炮威猛,常用来形容一国海军之强盛。一般认为,当英国殖民者在1840年用炮舰强行打开中国大门后,"船坚炮利"就成为以英国为代表的西方世界军事文明的最一般象征。但这一表述并不是清代中国的自主发明。有证据表明,早在16世纪初葡萄牙人刚刚到达中国东南沿海的时候,明朝上下已对其舰船规模和炮火威力给予了特别关注。待到荷兰殖民者东来后,因其炮舰优势更甚于葡萄牙人,明末中国终于形成"舟坚铳大""坚舟猛铳"等类同于"船坚炮利"的欧洲军事印象。比对晚明与鸦片战争前后"船坚炮利"的相关表述,不难发现,二者不仅惊人相似,而且一脉相承,晚明才是"船坚炮利"之欧洲印象的源头所在。The so-called ＂advanced cannons and warships＂, refers to the warships sturdy and explosive ammunition, which is used to describe a country＇ s powerful navy. It is thought that British colonists with cannons and warships force China open its borders in the 1840s. Thence, ＂advanced cannons and warships＂ has became the most common statement of the Western world military civilization represented by the United Kingdom. But this comment is not the Qing dynasty＇s invention. There exists reliable evidence which is, as early as the beginning of the 16th century, when the Portuguese navigated along the southeast coast of China, the Ming dynasty has paid special attention on their warship size and explosive ammunition. Since the Dutch colonists moved toward the Far East, for they have more advantages than the Portuguese on cannons and warships, the Chinese people finally formed an European military impression which was similar to the ＂advanced cannons and warships＂, such as ＂Zhou Jian Chong Da＂, ＂Jian Zhou Meng Chong＇. Compare with relevant expressions on ＂advanced cannons and warships＂ in the late Ming and before and after the Opium War, we can find that they are strikingly similar, and even from the same origin. So the source of ＂advanced cannons and warships＂ is in the late Ming.

关 键 词：晚明 船坚炮利 印象 欧洲 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学]