渠道化农田水利工程对农业生态环境的影响研究  

Effects of Channelization Farmland Water Conservancy Construction on Agroecological Environment

作　　者：赵竑绯[1] 郭肖颖[1] 崔珺[2] 徐文静[1] 王斌[1] 施六林[1] 

机构地区：[1]安徽省农业科学院农业工程研究所,合肥230031 [2]安徽农业大学林学与园林学院,合肥230036

出　　处：《中国农学通报》2016年第5期57-66,共10页Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin

基　　金：国家科技支撑计划"两淮煤矿沉陷区生态环境治理关键技术的集成与示范"(2012BAC10B02);安徽省农业科学院项目"学科建设与宏观农业"(13A1322;14B1355;14B1358);科技创新团队项目"脆弱区修复与治理"(14C1308)

摘　　要：农业生态系统是一个半自然半人工的复合生态系统,受人类的活动影响较大。在中国的农业生产活动中,渠道化农田水利建设的推广和应用,引起了一系列的农业生态环境问题。笔者采用现场调查、野外实验和实验室检测分析的方法,从渠道对其不同距离(远、中、近)土壤速效养分的影响、不同类别渠道对水样养分含量的影响、不同类别渠道对其所在生境生物多样性的影响3个方面进行研究。结果表明:(1)渠道所在区域土壤铵态氮及硝态氮呈现一致的季节性变化特征,即夏高冬低,而有效磷呈无规律性;渠道周边土壤铵态氮含量:中>远≈近;硝态氮为:近<中<远;(2)渠道的形态结构对生物多样性有显著的影响,各渠道动植物种类均呈现特征为:土渠>水泥渠。土渠对生境的影响较小,并且还有较好的"生物廊道"作用,有利于保持农业生态系统的物质及能量流动;(3)土渠对农业污染物净化能力明显高于水泥渠,通过对渠道内污染物含量的监测分析,土渠的截留净化效果优于水泥渠。Agricultural ecosystem is a half-artificial and half-natural complex ecosystem, which is greatlyimpacted by human activities. Many agricultural ecosystem problems appeared with the promotion andapplication of channelization farmland water conservancy construction in China. By the methods of fieldinvestigation, field experiment and laboratory analysis, studies were conducted from three aspects includingeffect of the distance to the channel（far, middle, near） on soil available nutrients, effect of different types ofchannel on water nutrient content and biodiversity of different types of channel. The results showed that（1） soilammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen showed seasonal variations with the same feature, which was higher insummer and lower in winter, the change of available phosphorus content showed no regularity; the content ofsoil ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in different distance showed the rule of middle far≈ near andfarmiddlenear, respectively;（2） morphological structure of channel had significant effect on thebiodiversity, and the biodiversity of animal and plant species showed edaphic channel concrete channel, theedaphic channel had little influence on the habitat and better function of biologic channel which was benefit forthe matter and energy flow in agroecological ecosystem;（3） the purifying capacity of edaphic channel washigher than that of concrete channel, by monitoring analysis of pollutant content, the intercept purification effect of edaphic channel was better than that of concrete channel.

关 键 词：渠道 农业生态系统 土壤养分 生物多样性 

分 类 号：S27[农业科学—农业水土工程]