施氮对水稻产量、氮素利用及土壤无机氮积累的影响  

Effects of Nitrogen Application on Yield, Nitrogen Utilization and Accumulation of Soil Inorganic Nitrogen of Rice

作　　者：侯云鹏 杨建[1,2] 李前 秦裕波[1,2] 孔丽丽 尹彩侠[1,2] 王立春 谢佳贵[1,2] 

机构地区：[1]农业部东北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室,吉林长春130033 [2]吉林省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所,吉林长春130033

出　　处：《土壤通报》2016年第1期118-124,共7页Chinese Journal of Soil Science

基　　金：国家科技支撑计划(2011BAD16B10;2012BAD04B02;2013BAD07B02;20130206006NY);国际植物营养研究所(IPNI)项目(BFDP-Jilin-2015)资助

摘　　要：通过田间试验研究了不同施氮量(0、60、120、180和240 kg hm^(-2))对水稻氮肥利用、产量、土壤氮素供应及氮素平衡的影响,结果表明,水稻产量随施氮量的增加呈先增后降的趋势,当施氮量超过180 kg hm^(-2)后产量下降,根据水稻产量(y)和施氮量(x)拟合,得出最佳施氮量为204 kg hm^(-2)。施用氮肥可显著增加水稻氮吸收总量,并随施氮量的增加显著增加,当施氮量超过180 kg hm^(-2)后,氮吸收总量不再显著增加。氮肥当季回收率、农学利用率、偏生产力和生理利用率均随施氮量的增加而下降,分别由44.0%、25.5 kg kg^(-1)、145.6 kg kg^(-1)和58.1 kg kg^(-1)下降至31.1%、13.6 kg kg^(-1)、43.6 kg kg^(-1)和43.7 kg kg^(-1)。氮收获指数表现为随施氮量的增加先增后降,以施氮量180 kg hm^(-2)处理最高,为68.7%。土壤无机氮(Nmin)含量在水稻整个生育期呈现先快速下降后缓慢升高的趋势,施氮处理各层土壤Nmin积累量与不施氮处理差异均达显著水平(P<0.05),且基本随着施氮量的增加而增加。水稻成熟期土壤残留Nmin量和表观损失均随施氮量的增加而增加。氮盈余主要以土壤Nmin残留量为主,表观损失在氮盈余比例较小,但随着施氮量的增加显著增加。水稻氮吸收量、土壤无机氮残留量和氮素表观损失量与施氮量呈显著的正向相关性。在本试验条件下,综合水稻产量、氮肥利用效率和土壤无机氮积累等方面的因素,在吉林省水稻主产区,适宜施氮量应控制在180~204 kg hm^(-2)范围内。Field experiments were conducted to study the effects of different nitrogen（N） application rate（0, 60, 120,180 and 240 kg hm-2） on N utilization, yield, soil N supply and N balance of rice. Results showed that the yield of rice increased at first and decreased later with the increasing of N application rate, and decreased when N application rates exceeded 180 kg hm-2. The optimal N application rate was 204 kg hm-2according to the fitting between rice yield（y）and N application rates（x）. The total N uptake of rice increased significantly with the increase of N fertilizer application, but it was not significantly increased when N application rates exceeded 180 kg hm-2. N recovery efficiency in season decreased from 44.0% to 31.1%, agronomic efficiency from 25.5 kg kg-1to 13.6 kg kg-1, partial factor productivity from 145.6 kg kg-1to 43.6kg kg-1, and physiological use efficiency from 58.1 kg kg-1to 43.7 kg kg-1with the increasing of N application rate. N harvest index increased at first and decreased later with the increase of N fertilizer application, and it was the highest value of 68.7% under N application rate of 180 kg hm-2. The content of soil inorganic N（Nmin） decreased quickly at first and then increased slowly during the whole rice growth stage. Nmin accumulation in each layer soil had significant difference between N application and CK treatments（P 〈 0.05）, and improved with the increase of N fertilizer application. Soil Nminresidue and apparent N losses increased with the increase of N fertilizer application during the mature period of rice. Major Nminresidue and lesser proportionally apparent loss occurred in surplus N, but apparent loss increased significantly with the increase of N fertilizer application. N fertilizer application was significantly positively correlated with N absorption, soil inorganic N residue and apparent N loss of rice. Integrated the factors such as rice yield, N use efficiency and soil inorganic N accumulation, the optimum N application rate was ranged fr

关 键 词：施氮量 水稻产量 氮素利用率 氮素平衡 

分 类 号：S511.06[农业科学—作物学]