自然保护区生态补偿的国际借鉴与关键问题探讨  

Key Issues and International Cases on Nature Reserve Ecological Compensation

作　　者：李琪[1] 温武军[1] 刘晓雯[1] 徐庚[1] 武京军[1] 

机构地区：[1]山东师范大学山东省可持续发展研究中心,山东济南250014

出　　处：《山东林业科技》2016年第1期90-94,79,共6页Journal of Shandong Forestry Science and Technology

基　　金：国家"十二五"科技支撑计划重点项目(编号:2013BAC03B05)资助

摘　　要：自然保护区生态补偿的国际实践有成功经验,也有可供汲取的教训。在分析典型案例"墨西哥帝王蝴蝶自然保护区生态补偿"及美国、巴西等国家自然保护区生态补偿案例后,总结提出可借鉴经验及其需要注意的问题。在此基础上,对自然保护区生态补偿的关键问题进行了探讨,认为:受益方的数量及其地理边界难以确定,受损方为自然保护区地理边界范围内的人群。受损方所应获得的补偿应为直接投入、直接损失、发展的机会损失及盈余或利润之和。补偿方式主要是通过各级政府购买、财政转移支付、发放补贴等具体方式,直接补偿受损方;也可以通过政策优惠、税收减免和各种形式的生态环境建设项目,对受损方实施间接补偿。政府补偿资金的第一来源是因自然保护区的设立而额外受益人群所多缴纳的各种税费;第二来源是参照进入保护区人群的支付意愿,要求其支付的一定费用;第三来源是各种国际组织、企业、个人的捐赠。For summarizing the experiences and lessons of foreign nature reserve ecological compensation,we analyzed typical cases of ＂ Mexico＇s monarch butterfly nature reserve ecological compensation＂ and some other cases in the United States,Brazil and other countries,obtained valuable experience,and put forward some problems needing attention,and based on this,some key problems of nature reserve ecological compensation were discussed,we believed that the injured party was the population within the scope of nature reserve geographical boundaries,and it was difficult to determine the number of beneficiaries and its geographical boundaries.The injured party should get the compensation directly which were the sum of direct investment,direct loss,the development opportunity loss and surplus or profit,and compensation mode mainly includes the following：all levels of government purchase,the fiscal transfer payment,subsidies,etc.to compensate the injured party directly;and the preferential policy,tax breaks and various forms of ecological environment construction,to compensate the injured party indirectly.The main sources of government compensation funds were the taxes and fees from the extra beneficiaries for establishment of nature reserves,and also involved the fees from the population to access into the reserves have to pay,the donations from variety of international organizations,enterprise and individual.

关 键 词：自然保护区 生态补偿 国际案例 借鉴与启示 关键问题 

分 类 号：F062.2[经济管理—政治经济学]