牛顿“判决性实验”判决了什么?  

What had been Sentenced by Newton's Experimentum Crucis?

作　　者：樊小龙[1] 袁江洋[2] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院自然科学史研究所,北京100190 [2]中国科学院大学人文学院,北京100049

出　　处：《自然辩证法通讯》2016年第2期61-66,共6页Journal of Dialectics of Nature

摘　　要：判决性实验是理解实验在理论构建和检验过程中作用的关键,本文通过重新检视牛顿三棱镜实验,指出:1)牛顿最初是在培根意义上提出其"判决性实验"的,重在说明其在牛顿个人内心的多种理解进路之间的一种"内部判决"作用;2)该实验在牛顿和胡克等人的光色理论之间同样做出了有效的判决:确立了牛顿的日光异质理论,否决了各种版本的修正理论;3)该实验并不直接判决光的微粒说与波动说,以实验"判决"形而上学假说是不当的,这只能导致对判决性实验这一概念的否定。Crucial Experiment is among the central issues when discussing the function of experiments in the building and falsifying of a theory. By re-examining Isaac Newton＇s ＂Experimentum Crucis＂, this article points out that： 1） Newton proposed his ＂Experimentum Crucis＂ initially in the meaning which, coined by Francis Bacon, mainly indicated how a crucial experiment helps an investigator excluding irrelevant clues while founding a pertinent one; 2） Newton＇s ＂Experimentum Crucis＂ did make an effective sentence between Newton＇s ＆ Hooke＇s theories of light and color, that is, confirmed Newton＇s basic theoretic commitments of the heterogeneity of sunlight ＆ unchangeability of various monochromatic lights, and falsified Hooke and other＇s modification theories of light; 3） Newton＇s ＂Experimentum Crucis＂ was not mean to directly test the corpuscular hypothesis and wave hypothesis of light, and it is not proper to judge a metaphysical disputation by one crucial experiment, as this kind of judgment can only improperly lead to an negation of the concept of crucial experiments.

关 键 词：牛顿 判决性实验 牛顿光色理论 修正理论 胡克 

分 类 号：N0[自然科学总论—科学技术哲学]