美国备用信用证制度的演进与借鉴  

The Development and Reflection of the Rule of Standby Letters of Credit in the United States

作　　者：刘斌[1] 

机构地区：[1]河南财经政法大学民商经济法学院,河南郑州450046

出　　处：《河南财经政法大学学报》2016年第2期158-166,共9页Journal of Henan University of Economics and Law

基　　金：2015年国家社科基金青年项目"独立担保的商事法理构造及法律制度构建研究"的阶段性研究成果(项目编号:15CFX044)

摘　　要：发端于美国的备用信用证是独立担保的一种形式,与大陆法系的独立担保制度相当。备用信用证在美国的产生和发展,是独立担保法律制度上的一个悬案。早期美国商人将信用证扩展至担保领域,从而在实践中产生了备用信用证这种新型的工具。然而,由于其受到了"禁止银行提供担保"规则和越权规则的限制,在司法实践中产生了诸多争议。随着理论和实务界对备用信用证法律性的争议和厘清,其担保的外衣逐渐褪去,独立承诺的属性显露,也不再受制于前述的规则的限制,从而逐步得到了美国立法机关和司法机关的认可。美国备用信用证制度发展的历程告诉我们,基于担保视角审视独立担保这一商事工具存在诸多不当,应当基于商事自治、商事效率等价值,承认国内独立担保的合法地位,并完善修正其规则。Standby letters of credit that originates from the United States is an equivalent to the independent guarantees in the civil law countries. The reason and development process of standby letters of credit is mysterious academically. Emerging from the commercial practice,standby letters of credit were restricted by the＂No Guaranty Rules＂and＂Ultra Virus Rule＂. After heavy debating and clarification of the nature of standby letters of credit,the standby letter of credit proved to be an independent undertaking,which should not be subject to the guarantee law. As the commercial tools developed,the American legislation and the courts gradually adopted the legitimacy of it. Based on the American history of the standby letters of credit,the independent guarantees should not be viewed by guarantee law,but should be recognized by the law in China based on the commercial autonomy and value of efficiency. Furthermore,the relevant rules also should be perfected.

关 键 词：备用信用证 独立担保 越权原则 统一商法典 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学]