异议、化名与权利:美国批准宪法运动中的反联邦派  

Dissenters,Pseudonym and Rights-guarders:the Anti-Federalists in the Ratification of the Federal Constitution

作　　者：马万利[1] 

机构地区：[1]大连理工大学人文与社会科学学部

出　　处：《武汉大学学报（人文科学版）》2016年第1期44-51,共8页Wuhan University Journal (Humanity Sciences)

基　　金：中央高校基本科研业务经费专项基金资助项目(DUT12RC(3)77)

摘　　要：宪法批准运动是美国宪政史上的重要时刻。在美国批准宪法运动中,各邦的反联邦派化名"森提内尔"、"联邦农夫"、"布鲁图斯"、"宾邦少数派"等发表文章,阐述自己对新宪法的反对立场和修正意见,与联邦派展开针锋相对的斗争。与制宪会议时期重点维护州的权利不同,在批准宪法运动中,人权成为反联邦派的突出主张。反联邦派把对新宪法中缺少人权保障的条款作为其主要批评对象;他们坚持合众国自殖民地以来的共和主义传统;他们对"联邦"有自己的独特理解,在一定程度上也是联邦主义者;他们关心新宪法如何保障州的权利,如何保障人民的权利,由此要求对联邦政府实行宪政限制。反联邦派虽然未能最终阻止新宪法通过,但他们提出的人权主张催生了《权利法案》;他们阐述的共和主义、联邦主义、宪政主义等建国理念,与联邦派的政治观念一道,构成美国政治传统的重要源头。反联邦派的政治主张对美国政治思想传统产生了深远的影响。In the ratification of the proposed constitution in the year of 1788, as one of the most critical moments in the history of the American constitution, the anti-federalists in the 13 states presented, mostly in pseudonym as Brutus（New York）, Federal Farmer, Centinel, The Minority of the Convention of Pennsylvania, etc. , their disagreement and amendment to the proposed federal constitution, debating fiercely against the federalists. While the anti-federalists focused their attention to the rights of the states in the Philadelphia convention of 1787, they altered their main arguments onto the omission of the proposed constitution of the rights of the people. They insisted on the republican tradition stemming from the early colonial period, on their own understanding about the federal system which to some extent made them also federalists and on how the new system should protect both the rights of the people and the rights of the states by fixing limitations to the powers of the federal government. Although having failed to prevent the adoption of the constitution, the anti-federalists advocated the rights of the people, which gave birth to the Bill of Rights; and elaborated their viewpoints of republicanism, federalism, constitutionalism, etc., which, together with their counterpart federalists~ political standpoints, co-authored the very beginning of the American political tradition.

关 键 词：批准宪法运动 反联邦派 权利法案 

分 类 号：D911[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]