白蚁取食行为多型及其机理  

Feeding polyethism and its mechanism of termites

作　　者：王亚召 嵇保中[1] 刘曙雯 丁芳[1] 王丽平[1] 张新慰[1] 杨锦锦[1] 赵正萍[1] 

机构地区：[1]南京林业大学南方现代林业协同创新中心南京林业大学林学院,南京210037 [2]南京中山陵园管理局,南京210014

出　　处：《环境昆虫学报》2016年第1期181-192,共12页Journal of Environmental Entomology

基　　金：南京林业大学南方现代林业协同创新中心资助项目;高等学校博士学科点专项科研基金项目(20123204110001);江苏省自然科学基金项目(BK2012816);南京市建委;中山陵园管理局资助课题(200409);江苏高校优势学科建设工程资助项目(164010641);江苏省普通高校学术学位研究生科研创新计划项目(KYLX150911)

摘　　要：对白蚁取食行为的研究涉及5科18属38种白蚁。其取食行为多型可归纳为3类:(1)工蚁主导型:采食活动基本上由工蚁完成,兵蚁不参与或仅极少数个体参与,食物侦查或保护采食工蚁的职能不显著;(2)工蚁-兵蚁协同型:这是白蚁采食组织的常见类型,兵蚁成为采食队伍的固定成员,负责采食活动的安全侦查与防卫、食物源侦查等工作;(3)假工蚁主导型:由于尚未分化形成专职的工蚁,因而大龄幼蚁(广义的假工蚁)成为采食活动的主力,同时兼有巢内的保护职能。在食物加工和分配过程中,低等白蚁的幼蚁在未获得消化纤维素能力前主要通过肛交哺获得营养物质和共生物,且肛交哺是新蜕皮个体重新获得共生鞭毛虫的途径。高等白蚁幼龄工蚁负责食物加工、依赖型品级通过口交哺获得营养物质。白蚁采食活动中的行为多型受踪迹信息素控制,不同品级个体腹板腺有明显分化;不同品级和发育阶段个体食性分化与消化道结构、消化酶活性密切相关;保幼激素影响交哺行为以及消化酶基因表达。本文在评述研究进展的同时,对进一步研究提出了展望。Existing researches related with feeding behavior involved 5 families, 18 genera and 38 species of termite. Feeding polyethism can be summarized as three types ： （ 1 ） Worker-based pattern ： Nearly all feeding activities are carried out by the workers, none of soldiers or only few of them participate in the activities, and the common soldier abilities, such as searching for food or protecting foragers, are not so conspicuous. （2） Worker and soldier cooperative type ~ This is the commonest type of termites foraging organization, the soldiers have become the permanent members of foraging teams, and are responsible for the safety of feeding team and food searching. （3） Pseudergate-based pattern： There are not true workers in these species of termites. Late instar larvae （pseudergate sensu lato） are the main workforces for food searching and protection. In the food processing and distribution of lower termites, the young larvae get nutrients and microbial symbionts via proctodeal trophallaxis （anal feeding）, then they can digest cellulose. It is also a way for larvae recover their microbial symbionts after molting. In the higher termites, young workers are responsible for the food processing and feeding the dependent individual castes through stomodeal trophallaxis. In some species of termites, the feeding polyethism is regulated bythe trail pheromone and the sternal glands are obviously differentiated among different individual castes. The feeding habits among the different individual castes and those of the same caste in different development phase are closely related with the structure of the digestive tract and the activities of the digestive enzyme. Juvenile hormone regulates trophallaxis behavior and gene expression of digestive enzyme. Based on the review of research progress, the prospects are also put forward in this paper.

关 键 词：白蚁 取食行为 行为多型 踪迹信息素 保幼激素 

分 类 号：Q968.1[生物学—昆虫学] S433.89[农业科学—农业昆虫与害虫防治]