无籽梨品种无籽果实形成原因的初步研究  

Study on formation mechanism of seedless fruits in seedless pear varieties

作　　者：乌云塔娜[1] 吕祎馨 片山款则 

机构地区：[1]中国林业科学研究院经济林研究开发中心,河南郑州450003 [2]日本神户大学农学部

出　　处：《经济林研究》2016年第1期117-122,共6页Non-wood Forest Research

基　　金：引进国际先进农业科学技术计划项目(2011-04-47)

摘　　要：为给我国无籽梨品种培育提供重要的理论依据,初步探讨了无籽梨无籽果实形成的机制。对无籽梨雌蕊观察发现,其60.8%无籽梨花的雌蕊数量为2个,而‘幸水’雌蕊数量7个的小花占48.4%;无籽梨柱头发育不正常的比例较大,占64.2%,而‘幸水’正常雌蕊占94.1%。授粉试验结果表明,授粉刺激才能保证无籽梨正常坐果,授粉后坐果率达42.2%,无授粉无籽梨8周后坐果率几乎为零,说明了无籽梨在生产中配置授粉品种才能保证坐果率和产量。对花粉管伸长观察发现,无籽梨花柱授粉后,花柱顶部、中部和基部均能观察到花粉管顺利萌发和生长,但未观察到花粉管到达胚珠,而‘幸水’花柱顶部萌发后顺利通过中部、底部,并能观察到花粉管到达胚珠附近,且‘幸水’柱头和花柱中部花粉管伸长数量比无籽梨多。种子败育率统计发现,无籽梨发育不良比例高达91.3%,但正常种子大多数都能萌发。无籽梨果实心室2~4个,而幸水心室为5个。综上所述,雌蕊变异是无籽梨形成无籽果实的主要原因,而引起雌蕊败育的主要原因可能与无籽梨杂种后代不稳定性有关。In order to provide a important theoretical basis for cultivation of seedless pear varieties, the formation mechanism of seedless fruits of seedless pear was explored. The results showed that 60.8% of seedless pear fl orets had 2 pistils, while 48.4% of ‘Kousui＇ fl orets had 7 pistils; Larger proportion of seedless pear stigma developed abnormally, accounting for 64.2%, while ‘Kousui＇ with normal pistil accounted for 94.1%. the of pollination experiment showed that pollination could guarantee effective fruit setting of seedless pear, fruit-setting rate reached 42.2% after pollination, while fruit-setting rate was almost zero after 8 weeks without pollination, that showed configuration of pollination varieties was needed to ensure fruit-setting rate and yield of seedless pear in production. After seedless pear pollinated, for seedless pear pollen tube germinated and grew well at the top, middle and base of stylar column, but no pollen tubes reached at the ovules, while the pollen tubes of ‘Kousui＇ germinated and grew well at the top, middle and base of stylar column, also could reach near the ovules. On the other hand, ‘Kousui＇ had more elongated pollen tubes in the middle of style and the stigma than seedless pear. The results of abortion rate statistics showed that dysplasia ratio of seedless pear was as high as 91.3%, but most normal seed could germinate. Fruits in seedless pear had 2-4 ventricles, but ‘Kousui＇ had 5 ventricles. So pistil variation in seedless pear was the main reason of formation of seedless fruit, while the main cause of pistil abortion might be related to the instability of seedless pear hybrids.

关 键 词：无籽梨 花粉管生长 种子败育 授粉试验 

分 类 号：S661.2[农业科学—果树学]