回族与其他一些西北穆斯林民族文字形成史初探——从回回字到“小经”文字  

Pilot Dscuss on the Phylogeny of Written Languages of the Hui and other Muslim Ethnic Groups ——From Huihui Scripts to "XiaoJing" Scripts

作　　者：刘迎胜[1] 

机构地区：[1]南京大学历史系,江苏南京210093

出　　处：《回族研究》2002年第1期5-13,共9页

摘　　要：现代中国穆斯林少数民族以阿拉伯 -波斯字母拼写自己语言的现象 ,有其形成的过程。以唐元以后入华西域人后裔为主体形成的回回民族中 ,有相当部分其祖先的母语为波斯语。波斯文为蒙元帝国的官方文字之一 ,时称回回字。元、明、清三朝均设有官办教授波斯语的专门机构 ;而随着同汉族的多方接触 ,汉语逐渐成为以回族为主的甘宁青一带穆斯林少数民族的交际语 ;同时在伊斯兰文化背景的影响下 ,回族学者创造了用阿拉伯 -波斯字母来拼写自己的新母语———汉语的方法 ,主要用作解经 ,兼用于日常 ,形成了现在称为“小经”的文字。而其他一些操突厥语的西北民族 ,如维吾尔、哈萨克等族 ,在伊斯兰化的过程中仍然保存了自己的母语 ;受其影响的穆斯林民族如东乡族 ,则在保存自己母语的同时 ,在回族“小经”的影响下 ,创造出东乡“小经”。The history of the Muslim ethnic minorities in Northwest China using Arabic-Persian scripts is thetopic of this paper. The Hui Muslim was formed from the descendents of the migrants moving into China after the Tang-Yuan periods. The mother tongue of major parts of theHuihui ethnic groups was Persian. In Mongol-Yuan Dynasty Persian, named as Huihui scripts, was one of the 3 official languages. There were special institutions responsible for Persian language education sponsored by the governments in Yuan, Ming and Sing China. Along with the communication with the Han majority, Hui and some other Muslim ethnic groups in Gansu, Ningxia and Qinghai areas accepted Chinese as a lingua franca. In the same time, because of their Islamic cultural background, some Hui scholars began to use Arabic-Persian letters to spell their new mother tongue Chinese mainly in religious education, and in their daily life as well. This is the origin of the Xiao-Jing scripts. Other Turkic Muslim ethnic minorities in Northwest China, such as Uygurs and Khazaks, kept their mother tongues, but accepted the Arabic-Persian letters, and formed their new ethnic written languages in the process of Islamic which have been used down to the present day. Some Muslim minorities under the strong influence of the Hui muslim, like Dong Xiangs, along side of keeping their mother tongue, a kind of Mongolian language, created the Xiao Jing of Dong Xiang based on the Xiao Jing of the Hui Muslim.

关 键 词：回族 穆斯林民族 民族文字 阿拉伯字母 回回字 小经 

分 类 号：H211.2[语言文字—少数民族语言]