Improving Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency Simultaneously for Maize and Wheat in China： A Review  

作　　者：MENG Qingfeng YUE Shanchao HOU Peng CUI Zhenling CHEN Xinping 

机构地区：[1]China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193 China [2]Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081 China

出　　处：《Pedosphere》2016年第2期137-147,共11页土壤圈（英文版）

基　　金：supported by the National Basic Research Program(973 Program) of China(No.2015CB150402);the National Maize Production System in China(No.CARS-02-24);the Special Fund for Agroscientific Research in the Public Interest of China (No.201103003);the Innovative Group Grant of the NSFC,China(No.31421092)

摘　　要：Achieving both high yield and high nitrogen use efficiency （NUE） simultaneously has become a major challenge with increased global demand for food, depletion of natural resources, and deterioration of environment. As the greatest consumers of N fertilizer in the world, Chinese farmers have overused N, and there has been poor synchrony between crop N demand and N supply because of limited understanding of the N uptake-yield relationship. To address this problem, this study evaluated the total and dynamic N requirement for different yield ranges of two major crops （maize and wheat）, and suggested improvements to N management strategies. Whole-plant N aboveground uptake requirement per grain yield （Nreq） initially deceased with grain yield improvement and then stagnated, and yet most farmers still believed that more fertilizer and higher grain yield were synonymous. When maize yield increased from 〈 7.5 to 〉 12.0 Mg ha-I, Nreq decreased from 19.8 to 17.0 kg Mg-1 grain. For wheat, it decreased from 27.1 kg Mg-1 grain for grain yield 〈 4.5 Mg ha-1 to 22.7 kg Mg-1 grain for yield 〉 9.0 Mg ha-1. Meanwhile, the percentage of dry matter and N accumulation in the middle-late growing season increased significantly with grain yield, which indicated that N fertilization should be concentrated in the middle-late stage to match crop demand while farmers often applied the majority of N fertilizer either before sowing or during early growth stages. We accordingly developed an integrated soil-crop system management strategy that simultaneously increases both grain yield and NUE.同时完成两高收益和高氮使用效率(NUE ) 与对食物，自然资源的弄空，和环境的恶化的增加的全球需求成为了主要挑战。作为在世界上的 N 化肥的最伟大的消费者，中国农民滥用了 N，并且因为 N 举起收益关系的有限理解，在庄稼 N 需求和 N 供应之间有差的 synchrony。处理这个问题，这研究为二个学生的不同收益范围评估了全部、动态的 N 要求庄稼(玉米和小麦) ，和到 N 管理策略的建议改进。整个植物的 N 未葬举起要求每谷物产量(N <sub > req </sub>) 开始与谷物收益改进死亡了然后停滞，并且然而，大多数农民仍然相信更多的化肥和更高的谷物产量是同义的。当玉米产量增加了从时 < 7.5 到 > 12.0 Mg 哈 ^&minus;1, N <sub > req </sub> 从 19.8 ～ 17.0 kg Mg ^&minus;1 谷物减少了。为小麦，它为谷物产量从 27.1 kg Mg ^&minus;1 谷物减少了 < 4.5 Mg 哈 ^&minus;1 到为产量的 22.7 kg Mg ^&minus;1 谷物 > 9.0 Mg 哈 ^&minus;1 。同时，干燥物质的百分比和在中间迟了的成长季节的 N 累积与谷物产量显著地增加了，它显示 N 授精应该在中间迟了的阶段被集中当农民们经常在播种前或在早生长阶段期间使用了 N 化肥的多数时，匹配庄稼需求。我们因此开发了同时增加谷物产量和 NUE 的综合土壤庄稼系统管理策略。

关 键 词：crop N requirement high yield integrated soil-crop system management N application timing N demand 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学] S512.1