“的”字结构、模态与违实推理  

De(的)-construction, modality and counterfactual reasoning

作　　者：林若望 

机构地区：[1]台湾中研院

出　　处：《中国语文》2016年第2期131-151,254,共21页Studies of the Chinese Language

摘　　要：道义模态命题"应该Ф的"句式是个多义句式,可表达与过去事实相反,与现在事实相反以及与未来可能性相反等三种违实义,也可表达未来非违实义。此句式的关键是"的"的语法意义。"的"指称一个非未来的时段,要求被其修饰的模态命题要在那个非未来时段里成立,因此"应该Ф的"句可以表达过去时或现在时的道义模态。现在时的道义模态,若Ф表事件,可得未来非违实义,若表状态,可得与现在事实相反的违实义。过去时的道义模态则可得与过去事实相反或与未来可能性相反的违实义。违实义之产生是因为模态命题的事件真实性强度弱于直接断言一个过去或是现在的事件,Grice的语用原则因而推论出事件不为真。此外,"的"具有广义的确认功能,会确认其辖域底下的断言及蕴含为真,因此"应该Ф的"句的违实义无法被取消。The construction ' yinggai(应该) Φ de(的)' is ambiguous having both non-counterfactual and counterfactual readings.The key component of this construction is the grammatical meaning of de.De denotes a non-future interval at which the modified modal proposition is true.So 'yinggai Φ' can be true at either a past time or the present time.When Φ denotes an event and 'yinggai Φ' is true at the present time,a noncounterfactual reading is yielded.When Φ is a state and 'yinggai Φ' is true at the speech time,a present counterfactual reading is yielded.When Φ is an event and 'yinggai Φ' is true at a past time,a past or future counterfactual is obtained.A counterfactual reading arises because the truth potential of a modal proposition is weaker than that of directly asserting the truth of the positive proposition Φ.The Gricean conversational implicature is thus derived that Φ is not true.This implicature is further reinforced by de's function of generalized truthconfirmation,thusmaking it non-cancellable.

关 键 词：“的”字句 广义确认 违实推里 道义模态 语用推理 

分 类 号：H146.3[语言文字—汉语]