不同秸秆还田方式及施肥对春小麦复种小油菜产量和资源利用率的影响  

Effect of Straw Returning and Fertilization on Yields of Wheat-Rape Multiple Cropping and Resource Use Efficiency

作　　者：杨育川[1,2] 郑月兰 何智宏[1,4] 黄鹏[1,5] 李玲玲[1,5] 

机构地区：[1]甘肃农业大学农学院,兰州730070 [2]甘肃省古浪县黄花滩镇人民政府农业综合服务中心,甘肃古浪733102 [3]甘肃省古浪县古浪镇人民政府农业综合服务中心,甘肃古浪733100 [4]甘肃省林业工作站管理局,兰州730046 [5]甘肃省干旱生境作物学重点实验室,兰州730070

出　　处：《中国农学通报》2016年第9期20-26,共7页Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin

基　　金："十二五"国家科技支撑计划项目"西北绿洲农牧循环技术集成与示范"(2012BAD14B10)

摘　　要：为了减少化肥投入和秸秆焚烧污染,探求作物秸秆有效还田的技术途径,采用二因素随机区组设计,在甘肃河西地区通过大田试验,研究了小麦留高茬收割后立茬、粉碎、焚烧3种秸秆还田方式及化肥减量施用对春小麦复种油菜的影响。结果表明,小麦单产以高施肥、麦茬粉碎还田处理最高,油菜单产以秸秆焚烧还田、化肥减量15%处理最高,分别达7444 kg/hm^2和997 kg/hm^2。小麦水分利用率、氮肥和磷肥利用率均以麦茬粉碎还田、化肥减量15%处理最高,油菜水分利用率以秸秆焚烧还田、化肥减量15%处理最高,光能利用率以高施肥、麦茬粉碎还田处理最高,化肥减量15%时,各高留茬秸秆还田处理间作物产量、光能利用率和氮磷肥利用率之间没有显著差异,说明在合理的秸秆还田条件下,化肥较当前高施肥水平降低15%在生产中是可行的。从经济效益、生态效益和保护环境方面综合分析,小麦留茬25 cm收割,旋耕粉碎还田后复种油菜是最佳方案。In order to reduce fertilizer application, control pollution of straw burning and explore technicalways of straw returning, randomized block design method and field experiment were conducted in HexiCorridor of Gansu Province. The effect of straw returning methods including standing stubble, crushing andburning, and reduced fertilization on multiple cropping of wheat-rape was studied. The results showed that thehighest wheat yield was 7444 kg/hm2, which was obtained by high fertilization and wheat straw returned aftercrushing. The highest rapeseed yield was 997 kg/hm2, which was obtained by wheat straw burning and 15%fertilizer reduction. Water use efficiency, nitrogen utilization rate and phosphorus utilization rate of wheat were the highest by wheat straw returned after crushing and fertilizer reduction of 15%, and water use efficiency ofrape was the highest under wheat straw burning and fertilizer reduction of 15%. Light energy utilizationefficiency was the highest by high fertilization and wheat straw returned after crushing. The yield, light energyutilization efficiency, nitrogen utilization rate and phosphorus utilization rate did not differ significantly amongdifferent treatments when fertilizer application was reduced by 15%. Therefore, under the reasonableconditions of straw returning, it was feasible to cut the chemical fertilizer application by 15% compared withcurrent high fertilization rate. By comprehensive analysis of economic benefit, ecological benefit andenvironment protection, it showed that sowing rape after wheat harvest leaving stubble of 25 cm high and strawcrushing and returning with rotary cultivator was the best practice.

关 键 词：秸秆还田 化肥减量 复种油菜 水分利用率 光能利用率 养分利用率 

分 类 号：S147.2[农业科学—肥料学]