中国的法人概念无需重构  

No Need to Re-construct the Definition of Legal Person in China

作　　者：梁上上[1] 

机构地区：[1]清华大学法学院,北京100084

出　　处：《现代法学》2016年第1期74-85,共12页Modern Law Science

摘　　要：独立承担责任是否为法人的基本特征尚存争议。大陆法系的民事主体只有自然人与法人,独立承担责任不是法人的特征,合伙企业也是法人的观点并不符合实际。法国、日本等国采取广义的法人概念,德国等国却采取狭义的法人概念。法人是"模仿自然人"而产生的法律拟制物,不是自然人的"对应物"。从"自然人—法人"两分法理解法人概念,是对法人概念的误解。民事权利能力是民事主体的本质特征。自然人、法人与其他组织具有权利能力,均为民事主体。独立承担责任是法人的根本性特征,能够独立承担责任的社会组织才成为法人。权利主体与独立责任的关系不是一一对应关系,具有独立承担责任能力的主体只有自然人与法人。普通合伙企业属于非法人组织,为典型的第三类民事主体,但非法人组织具有广泛性与开放性。中国的法人概念是由历史形塑而成的,与德国、美国的概念基本相同,甚至比德国的法人概念更完善,可以适应中国社会经济建设的需要。It still remains as a debated topic that whether the essential feature of legal person is to assume independent liability for its acts. All of the ideas that civil law subject system in civil law countries is only corn- posed of natural person and legal person, the essential feature of legal person is not to assume independent lia- bility for its acts and partnership is also legal person are not practical. Some countries like Germany use a nar- row definition of legal person while other countries like France and Japan using a broad conception. Legal per- son is a drawn-up thing of ＂nature person imitation＂ rather than ＂counterpart＂ of nature person. The interpre- tation of the concept of legal person based on the ＂nature person-legal person＂ dichotomy will cause misunder- standing of legal person. The capacity for civil rights is the essential feature of civil law subject. Nature person, legal person and other organizations which have the capacity for civil rights are all known as civil law subjects. The organizations which are known as legal person should assume independent liability for its acts, because it is the essential feature of legal person. There is not a one-to-one correspondence between subject of rights and in- dependent liability and the subjects that could assume independent liability for its acts include only nature per- son and legal person. A general partnership is not legal person organizations, but a typical third civil subject with extensive and open nature in the civil law system. The concept of legal person in China, which is similar with the concepts in Germany and the America and even much better than that in Germany, has solid historical basis and is able to meet the need of the economic and social development.

关 键 词：法人 合伙企业 权利能力 独立责任 当事人能力 其他组织 

分 类 号：DF51[政治法律—民商法学]