转基因与生物安全  

Transgenic Organisms and Biosafety

作　　者：魏伟[1] 马克平[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院植物研究所植被与环境变化国家重点实验室,北京100093

出　　处：《中国科学院院刊》2016年第4期405-413,共9页Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences

基　　金：环保公益性行业科研专项(201509044)

摘　　要：文章以转基因作物为例讨论了转基因的生物安全。转基因作物在带来经济利益的同时,其对环境和健康的安全性也成为研究的焦点。从目前转基因生物安全主要争论的内容出发,包括转基因逃逸及其生态学后果、对非靶标生物影响、害虫的抗性进化等方面,结合相关的案例综合介绍了近年来的主要进展和存在的问题。对那些科技界争论较多,引起强烈社会反响事件的起因和主要结论进行了客观的评述,以期为进一步的科学研究提供依据。根据中国的实际情况,考虑到生物安全的要求,为保护生物多样性的可持续利用,提出相关的建议和对策:(1)以生物安全相关的科学问题为主,具体的目标生物为辅,开展系统的实验研究;(2)加强生物安全的监测与监管,鉴别重要生态功能区和生态脆弱区,适当设立转基因保护区,禁止种植转基因作物;(3)重视公众知情权,不仅宣传转基因生物带来的惠益,也应告知其风险及管控措施,促进公众的理解和认可。Biosafety issues of transgenic organisms were discussed in this review using transgenic crops as examples. The global commercialization of transgenie crops has produced benefits but also accompanies potential risks. The four most popular transgenic crops that commercially planted in the past years are soybean （ Glycine max ） , cotton （ Gossypium hirsutum ） , corn （ Zea mays ） , and canola （ Brassica napus ） . The current modified traits that have the largest area at worldwide scale are herbicide resistant, insect resistant, and their stacked traits of both resistance. All those traits may confer advantage in the field. At the early stage of transgenic technology application, its risks had been raised as issues for discussion by both scientists and general public, which is the critical component under consideration for associated research With the development and application of this technology, its risks to human health and environmental safety have been hot topics for debating Some risk concerns had become hazards in real, such as the outbreak of secondary insect pests, the resistance evolution of some targeted insect pests and some non-targeted weeds, and the effects on non-targeted organisms etc. Among them, the effects on non-target organism have been the most complicate issue in debate. Those issues and related events that had caused extensive debate and profound social impacts were reviewed in this article to set up important base for further discussion. The cause behind the debate was analyzed and the final conclusive result of debated issues was then provided. It has been a common phenomenon that there are always contradictivc opinions on the same revealed effects of transgenic crops between advocators or developer of the transgenic technology and opponents or environmentalists. For example when the evidence of contamination of Mexico maize landraces was firstly published, the publication had received many criticisms and had even been retracted by the journal. Finally, nobody would question

关 键 词：生物安全 生态风险 非靶标生物 抗性进化 转基因逃逸 

分 类 号：S188[农业科学—农业基础科学]