刑法中假定同意之评析  

Analysis of Hypothetical Consent in Criminal Law

作　　者：周维明 

机构地区：[1]北京颐合中鸿律师事务所

出　　处：《环球法律评论》2016年第2期116-138,共23页Global Law Review

摘　　要：假定同意起源于德国民法学中的医疗侵权责任,后被联邦最高法院引入刑法领域并在刑法学界引起了热烈的讨论。假定同意,能够消除民事责任与刑事责任的不一致,促进法秩序的统一。假定同意在刑法教义学体系中的定位属于构成要件阶层的排除客观归责事由,排除行为的结果不法但保留着未遂的可罚性。假定同意的适用范围能够适用同意的犯罪构成要件,保护法益限于身体、自由、财产等个人法益。假定同意的判断基础,应当以被害人本人为准,在判断时应当将行为时存在的与被害人的真实意思有关的全部资料,从事后的角度进行盖然性判断。假定同意存在与否的证明责任应当由行为人负担。在运用"罪疑有利被告"原则时,不能仅仅依据假想的被害人同意的可能性进行判断,还必须有补强证据。Hypothetical consent originated from medical liability for tort in German il law and was later introduced into the criminal law by the Supreme Federal Court of Germ civ- any, generating heated discussion in the criminal law circle. Hypothetical consent can eliminate the discrepancy between criminal responsibility and civil liability, thereby promoting the unification of legal order. In criminal dogmatics, hypothetical consent eliminates the objective imputation at the stage of constitutive elements. Namely it eliminates the illegality of result but not the ille- gality of behavior, so that the actor may be punished for attempt. Its scope of application is lim- ited to the criminal constitutive elements the illegality of which could be eliminated by consent and the protected legal interests of which are personal legal interests such as body, freedom and property. The judgmental basis of hypothetical consent should be the victim, the judgment should be ex post and take into consideration all the materials relating to the true thought of vic- tim at the time of occurrence of the behavior. Its burden of proof should be on the actor. When applying the principle of ＂in dubio pro reo＂, the judge＇ s decision should not be based solely on imaginative possibility of hypothetical consent, but must be bolstered by reinforcing evidence.

关 键 词：假定同意 刑法教义学 客观归责 义务违反关联 罪疑有利被告 

分 类 号：D914[政治法律—刑法学]