巴西生物能源发展的成就与问题  

Bio-energy in Brazil:Major Achievements and Challenges

作　　者：王卓宇[1] 

机构地区：[1]北京交通大学中国产业安全研究中心

出　　处：《拉丁美洲研究》2016年第1期53-68,155-156,共16页Journal of Latin American Studies

摘　　要：在20世纪70年代石油危机的外在冲击和本国资源条件的内在激励之下,巴西先后启动了国家乙醇计划和国家柴油计划,开始大规模生产生物能源。生物能源降低了巴西对进口石油的依赖,确保了能源安全,优化了能源结构并减少了温室气体排放;生产生物能源还创造了就业,推动了相关产业的发展,带动了巴西经济的增长;得益于在全球乙醇生产格局中的重要性,巴西开展乙醇外交从而一定程度上提高了自身的国际影响力。然而,巴西生物能源发展还存在如下问题:生物能源的生产对环境造成了破坏,乙醇产业饱受诟病,从业工人劳作环境差,焚烧甘蔗茎叶对大气造成污染;此外,生物乙醇发展的可持续性也是个问题。目前巴西生物能源生产属于第一代,以甘蔗或油料作物等为原料,而更具前景的以纤维素等为原料的能源生产尚在研发阶段。巴西生物能源的未来取决于技术进步的程度。Driven by both external pressures and internal factors,Brazil has launched the National Alcohol Fuel Program and national diesel plans since the 1970 s,seeking a mass production of bio-energy. Thanks to bio-energy,Brazil successfully lowered its dependence on imported oil, optimized its energy structure and reduced greenhouse gas emission caused by energy consumption. In addition,bio-energy production has played a significant role in creating jobs and boosting economic growth in Brazil. A major challenge confronting the bio-energy industry is environmental pollution from the production process. Brazil is obliged to accelerate the technical progress from the first generation bio-energy based on sugars or vegetable oils to the second generation one based on lingo-cellulosic biomass.

关 键 词：巴西生物能源 能源独立 乙醇产业 乙醇外交 可持续性环境污染 

分 类 号：F416.2[经济管理—产业经济]