构建森林生态补偿机制的关键问题  

Key issues for the development of a forest ecological compensation mechanism

作　　者：李琪[1] 温武军[1] 王兴杰[2] 

机构地区：[1]山东师范大学山东省可持续发展研究中心,济南250014 [2]中国科学院资源与地理科学研究所,北京100081

出　　处：《生态学报》2016年第6期1481-1490,共10页Acta Ecologica Sinica

基　　金：国家"十二五"科技支撑计划重点项目资助(2013BAC03B05)

摘　　要：构建森林生态补偿机制的关键问题主要有三个方面:利益相关者的界定、补偿金额的确定及补偿方式。目前存在的较大争议是森林生态效益货币化计量结果与实际补偿额度之间有巨大差异,一方面森林经营者认为补偿额远远不能满足投入需求,应以生态效益产出为补偿金额的计算依据;另一方面,森林生态效益的很大部分来自自然投入,不能以货币化的形势简单计量。森林生态补偿的国际案例表明:世界各国因森林资源产权制度不同,其森林生态补偿机制有所差异,私有林偏重于市场补偿机制,公有林则偏重于政府主导的补偿机制。森林生态补偿资金主要来自森林生态系统服务用户付费、政府代表受益方付费及国际组织捐赠;在补偿方式上,以政府投资为主,以用户付费和基于市场的认证授权交易为辅。借鉴国际经验,结合我国森林生态效益补偿现状,森林经营者是生态系统服务供给方是确定的,而森林生态系统服务获取方的确定则非常困难。因此,政府主导和第三方介入应是解决森林生态补偿资金来源和补偿的主要方式,受损方及其受损成本是森林生态补偿金额的计算依据。The key issues for the development of a forest ecological compensation mechanism primarily include three aspects： definition of stakeholders, the amount of compensation, and compensation methods. Currently, there is considerable controversy regarding a substantial difference between monetary measurement of the forest ecological benefit and the actual compensation amount. On the one hand,forest managers claim that the amount of compensation cannot meet the investment needs,and therefore,it should be calculated based on the output of forest ecological benefit. On the other hand,it is understandable that much of the forest ecological benefit is attributed to natural input,which cannot be measured simply by money. International forest ecological compensation cases show that different countries globally adopt different forest ecological compensation mechanisms,because of their specific forest resource property systems. Private forests are biased toward market compensation mechanisms,whereas public forests are biased toward government- led compensation mechanisms. Forest ecological compensation funds are mainly derived from forest ecosystem service user fees,payment from the government on behalf of beneficiaries,and donations from international organizations. The compensation methods mainly depend on government investment,complemented by user fees and market- based transactions with authentication and authorization. According to international experience,combined with the status quo of forest ecological benefit compensationin China,forest managers could be defined as the supplier of forest ecosystem services,but it is difficult to determine forest ecosystem service beneficiaries. Therefore,government guidance and third- party intervention should be the main solutions for funding forest ecological compensation and executing compensation; the amount of forest ecological compensation should be calculated based on the cost of the damaged party.

关 键 词：森林 生态补偿 机制 关键问题 

分 类 号：F326.2[经济管理—产业经济]