虾蟹新型病原螺原体的发现和研究  

Discovery and Studies of a Novel Pathogen,Spiroplasma eriocheiris,in Economically Important Species of Crustaceans

作　　者：王文[1,2] 

机构地区：[1]南京师范大学生命科学学院,江苏南京210023 [2]江苏省水生甲壳动物病害重点实验室,江苏南京210023

出　　处：《南京师大学报（自然科学版）》2016年第1期1-13,共13页Journal of Nanjing Normal University(Natural Science Edition)

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(30371118;30771649;30870090;31170120;31272686);江苏省科技攻关项目(BE2007343);江苏省农业三项工程项目(J2009-43);江苏省水产三项工程项目(PJ2011-65)

摘　　要：螺原体是一种个体极小、形态多变、没有细胞壁的非常特殊细菌,它们20世纪70年代首次在植物和昆虫体内发现,有些是农作物(玉米、柑橘等)和有益昆虫(蜜蜂)的致病菌.从患有"颤抖病"的中华绒螯蟹(俗称河蟹)中分离到的螺原体是首次从水生甲壳动物中发现的新型病原,命名为中华绒螯蟹螺原体(Spiroplasma eriocheiris sp.Nov),它是"颤抖病"的致病菌.这一发现将人们对螺原体的分布由陆地扩大到水域.除河蟹外,螺原体对其他经济水生甲壳动物也具有广泛的侵染性,如克氏原螯虾(俗称小龙虾)、凡纳滨对虾(南美白对虾)、罗氏沼虾、日本沼虾(俗称青虾)中也相继发现了螺原体.经分子生物学、免疫学分析、交叉感染实验以及超微病理学特征比较等方面的研究,最终确定这些不同宿主来源的螺原体与引起河蟹"颤抖病"的螺原体为同一种类,表明该种螺原体可以在不同的水生甲壳动物物种之间进行交叉感染和传播.为了有效防控螺原体引起的虾蟹疫病,不仅需要开展病原的生物学特性和其致病机理的研究,而且需要建立一个从快速诊断到实时监控再到有效防治的综合防控技术,本综述对这一新型虾蟹病原的基础研究和应用技术方面的研究进行归纳总结.Spiroplasma is a tiny microorganism,with polymorphism and without cell wall. It was found in plants and insects in the 1970 s to be a kind of pathogen of crops（corn or citrus）and beneficial insect such as bee. The spiroplasma isolated from Chinese mitten crab（Eriocheir sinensis）with tremor disease has been verified to be a causative agent and it is the first spiroplasma found in aquatic crustaceans,which is nominated as novel spiroplasma species Spiroplasma eriocheiris sp. Nov. This discovery has extended people＇s view of spiroplasmas distributions from land terrene to water area.Besides Eriocheir sinensis,spiroplasmas are also infective to other aquatic crustaceans such as Procambarus clarkia,Penaeus vanmamei,Macrobrachium rosenbergii and Macrobrachium nipponensis. All of the spiroplasmas isolated from above crutaceans are be proved to be the same species as Spiroplasma eriocheiris with methods of molecular biology,immunology,cross infection and ultrastructural pathology. This indicates that spiroplasma pathogen can transmit among the different kinds of crustaceans. In order to prevention and control the disease of economic cultured crustaceans infected by spiroplasma,a comprehensive control technique from rapid diagnosis to real time protection should be established. This review sums up the fundamental and applied studies on this novel pathogen.

关 键 词：经济水生甲壳动物(虾蟹) 螺原体 致病菌 疫病防控 

分 类 号：Q958[生物学—动物学]