转基因栽培稻基因漂移是否会带来环境生物安全影响？  

Can Transgene Flow Lead to Environmental Biosafety Impacts in Rice?

作　　者：卢宝荣[1] 王磊[1] 王哲[1] 

机构地区：[1]复旦大学生命科学学院,生物多样性与生态工程教育部重点实验室,上海200438

出　　处：《中国科学：生命科学》2016年第4期420-431,共12页Scientia Sinica(Vitae)

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(批准号:31330014);国家转基因育种重大专项(批准号:2016ZX08011006)资助

摘　　要：转基因通过基因漂移可以渐渗到作物的野生近缘种,由此而导致的环境风险是全球广泛关注的生物安全问题.有3个关键因素可以决定环境风险的程度:特定空间距离的转基因漂移频率,转基因在野生近缘种中的表达水平,以及转基因为野生近缘种群体带来的适合度效应.本文将根据现有研究结果,从上述3方面对转基因漂移到非转基因栽培稻、杂草稻和野生稻造成的潜在环境影响进行回顾.栽培稻品种之间的基因漂移频率很低,可以通过空间隔离或其他方法使其降低到可忽略的水平.在共同分布的环境中,栽培稻基因(包括转基因)向杂草稻和野生稻的漂移不可避免.尽管抗虫转基因(Bt或Bt/CpTI)在栽培稻和野生近缘种杂交后代中可以正常表达,但由于在低虫压环境中,抗虫转基因不会明显改变野生近缘种的适合度,抗虫转基因漂移所造成的环境影响十分有限.因此对基因漂移而言,抗虫转基因栽培稻的商品化种植应该比较安全.然而,抗除草剂转基因渐渗到杂草稻或野生稻会改变群体的适合度,可能会引起不可预测的环境后果.The undesired environmental consequences caused by transgene introgression into populations of crop wild relatives have caused worldwide biosafety concerns. Three key parameters determine the magnitude of the environmental consequences： the frequency of transgene flow at particular spatial distances, expression of transgenes in wild relatives, and fitness effect of transgenes brought to the wild populations. This article reviews the current knowledge regarding the potential impacts caused by transgene flow into non-transgenic rice varieties, weedy rice, and wild rice populations based on the three parameters. The frequency of gene flow between rice varieties is low and can be minimized by spatial isolation, among other methods. Gene flow from cultivated rice to weedy and wild rice is unavoidable within their co-occurring regions. The introgression of insect-resistance transgenes（Bt or Bt/CpTI） will have limited environmental impacts because of their minor fitness change under low insect pressure, although the expression of insect-resistance transgenes is normal in the crop-wild hybrid progeny of rice. Thus, the commercial cultivation of transgenic insect-resistant rice is relatively safe in terms of transgene flow. However, the introgression of a herbicide-resistance transgene into weedy or wild rice populations will increase their fitness, likely causing unwanted environmental consequences.

关 键 词：生态影响 栽培稻 野生近缘种 基因漂移 适合度 转基因 生物安全 

分 类 号：S188[农业科学—农业基础科学] S511