欧洲共同避难制度的发展与反思——以“都柏林规则”为中心的考察  

Reflections on the Development of the European Common Asylum System——Observations Based on the “Dublin Rules”

作　　者：杨国栋[1] 

机构地区：[1]德国汉堡大学法学院

出　　处：《欧洲研究》2016年第1期51-62,6,共12页Chinese Journal of European Studies

摘　　要：自《申根协定》生效以来,欧盟成员国逐渐建立起以"都柏林规则"为核心的共同避难制度。然而,这一制度本身所存在的缺陷,如忽视人权保护、责任分配失衡和效率低下等问题,使得其在应对大规模突发难民危机时显得相当脆弱,并最终在2014年以来的欧洲难民危机中几乎被冲垮,甚至连申根区也有倒塌的危险。欧盟委员会提出的取代"都柏林规则"的新的避难制度方案虽然对原有规则进行修正并对其中的制度性问题做出了回应,但其出台的时空环境却对新方案的通过和落实形成了严峻挑战。本文拟从欧洲共同避难制度建构的历史发展入手,围绕该规则核心的"难民申请负责国之确定标准"和"安全国家"假定的原则及其例外,透过集体行动理论的视角来解析以"都柏林规则"为核心的欧洲共同避难制度对此次难民危机应对乏力的原因,并对其进行了初步反思。After the Schengen Agreement came into force,the European Common Asylum System has been gradually established with the Dublin Rules at its core.However,the systematic defects,including its negligence of human rights protection,imbalanced distribution of responsibility and low efficiency,have resulted in its vulnerability when confronted with the massive refugee crisis since 2014,which even put the Schengen Area at the brink of collapse.Despite the revisions and countermeasures in the new programme on refugee system proposed by the Commission,it seems that severe challenges may be encountered in its implementation.This paper analyzes,from the perspective of collective action theory,the reasons why the Common Asylum System centered on the Dublin Rules fails to tackle the refugee crisis.

关 键 词：“都柏林规则” 共同避难 责任分配 集体行动 “安全国家” 

分 类 号：D814.1[政治法律—国际关系]