新疆玛纳斯河流域景观格局变化的生态安全分析  

Analysis of Ecological Security of Landscape Pattern in Manas River Watershed of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region

作　　者：梁二敏 张军民[1] 

机构地区：[1]石河子大学理学院,新疆石河子832003

出　　处：《水土保持研究》2016年第3期170-175,共6页Research of Soil and Water Conservation

基　　金：国家自然科学基金"玛纳斯河流域绿洲经济-生态景观空间分异机理研究"(41361025)

摘　　要：景观是资源要素、环境因子和生态过程的空间异质形态,其格局变化综合反映了各种生态关系及其稳定状态。在Erdas 9.0和ArcGIS 10.0技术平台上,采用3期同时期Landsat TM影像数据,运用景观格局指数和空间分析方法构建生态安全指数,借助破碎度、干扰度、分离度景观格局指数以及景观类型的脆弱度等生态安全指标定量评价近10年新疆玛纳斯河流域景观格局生态安全的变化。结果表明:(1)近10年流域景观格局生态安全度由0.362下降到0.354后又略微上升到0.359,呈现先恶化再好转的"V"字型变化,说明2000年以来的西部大开发造成了新的生态安全问题,而2005年实施的节水灌溉及退耕还草等工程产生了明显的生态治理成效;(2)草地受干扰的程度由0.234降为0.239,未利用地由0.344降为0.300,建设用地由1.316降为0.877,其生态安全度有所上升;林地受干扰的程度由0.483升为0.682,水域由0.413升为0.450,耕地由0.242升为0.258,其生态安全度明显下降;(3)研究区50%以上的面积处于重警区,并且重警区的面积在不断增加;较安全区的面积占研究区面积的20%左右,虽然面积较小但却不断增加;预警区占研究区的面积由24.96%降到10.10%,减少趋势明显,说明近10年玛纳斯河流域的生态环境呈缓慢恶化状态。Landscape is a form of the spatial heterogeneity based on resource factors,environmental factors and ecological process,the change of its pattern comprehensively reflects the various ecological relationship and its steady state.Based on the Erdas 9.0and the ArcGIS 10.0,using three periods of Landsat TM data at the same time,the principle of the landscape pattern index and spatial analysis methods,we set up ecological security index,and quantitatively evaluated the changes of ecological security status according to the isolation,fragmentation as ecological security index in Xinjiang Manas River Basin in recent 10 years.The results show that：（1）nearly a decade the overall ecological security index of landscape pattern dropped from 0.362 to 0.354 and then rose slightly to 0.359,it first changed to deterioration then became better with the V-shape,illustrating the development of the western region caused a new ecological security problems since2000,the 2005 implementation of water-saving irrigation and returning farmland to grassland and other projects led to a obvious ecological management result;（2）the interference degree of grass dropped from 0.234 to 0.239,the unused land fell from 0.344 to 0.300,construction land fell from 1.316 to 0.877,the ecological security degree had increased;interference degree of woodland rose from 0.483 to 0.682,the water body rose from0.413 to 0.450,cultivated land rose from 0.242 to 0.258,ecological security degree had fallen markedly;（3）more than 50% of the study area was in the serious area,and the area of serious area was increasing,the safety area accounted for about 20% of study area,the area was small,but increasingly growing;the warning areas in the study area had dropped from 24.96% to 10.10%,the trend of reducing was obvious,illustrating that the ecological environment of Manas River Basin trended to the slight deterioration.

关 键 词：景观格局 生态安全 玛纳斯河流域 

分 类 号：X32[环境科学与工程—环境工程]