生物降解膜促进冬油菜养分吸收减少土壤硝态氮累积  

Biodegradable film enhancing nutrient uptake of winter oilseed rape(Brassica napus L.) and reducing soil nitrate accumulation

作　　者：谷晓博[1] 李援农[1] 杜娅丹 杨丹[1] 吴国军[1] 任全茂 

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学水利与建筑工程学院,旱区农业水土工程教育部重点实验室,杨凌712100

出　　处：《农业工程学报》2016年第10期90-97,共8页Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

基　　金：公益性行业(农业)科研专项资助项目(201503105,201503125);国家高技术研究发展计划(863计划)资助项目(2011AA100504)

摘　　要：针对普通地膜覆盖导致的农田环境污染和土地退化问题,通过2 a田间试验,从土壤有机质含量、硝态氮累积与分布、作物养分吸收和籽粒产量等层面出发,进行了普通地膜覆盖(PM)、生物降解地膜覆盖(JM)和露地(CK)栽培冬油菜的对比研究。结果表明,播种后60和150 d,JM处理的土壤有机质含量、土壤硝态氮的累积和分布与PM处理无显著差异;播种后240 d,JM处理的土壤有机质含量显著大于PM处理,土壤硝态氮的累积量显著小于PM处理,且PM处理土壤硝态氮的淋洗下移峰值更大。PM和JM处理冬油菜的产量及地上部各器官的氮、磷、钾吸收量均显著大于CK,且PM和JM无显著差异。与PM处理相比,JM处理在播种后240 d时土壤有机质质量分数提高7.0%,土壤硝态氮累积量减少34.1%。可见,PM处理在冬油菜生育后期过分消耗地力,且残留在土壤中的硝态氮含量较高。该研究从土壤营养和作物养分吸收利用方面为生物降解地膜应用于农业生产的可行性提供了理论依据。Biodegradable film has been proven to be a good substitute for traditional refractory plastic film in the cultivation of maize, cotton and sunflower due to the similar effects of improving soil temperature and moisture, and increasing yield.However, whether biodegradable film mulching can reduce the accumulation of soil nitrate, soil organic matter content and affect the nutrient uptake by plants or not is not clear. Therefore, 3 treatments including traditional refractory plastic film（PM）, biodegradable film（JM） and no film（CK） were set up in the present study to systematically analyze and compare their effects on above-ground dry matter, soil organic matter, soil nitrate accumulation, nutrient uptake and seed yield of winter oilseed rape（Brassica napus L.） in 2 growing seasons（2012-2013 and 2013-2014）. The results showed that the aboveground dry matter in PM and JM at all growth stages were higher than that in CK, and no obvious difference was found between PM and JM. Soil organic matter in CK at 0-60 cm soil depth were higher than that in PM and JM at 60, 150 and240 days after sowing（DAS）, and significant difference was not found between PM and JM at 60 and 150 DAS; but at 240 DAS, soil organic matter in JM was significantly higher than in PM. Soil nitrate nitrogen accumulation at 0-200 cm soil depth fell fast in 0-60 and 150-240 DAS, and decreased slowly in 60-150 DAS. The variation trend of soil nitrate accumulation with soil depth at 60 and 150 DAS among PM, JM and CK were consistent in the same year, but significantly difference was found at 240 DAS. In 2012-2013, a drought season, an obvious peak（15.2 kg/hm2） at 80 cm soil depth was discovered just in PM, but JM and CK had no obvious peak. In 2013-2014, a wet season, PM had 2 obvious peaks at 80 and160 cm soil depths, with the values of 14.7 and 17.3 kg/hm2, respectively, but JM and CK only had 1 obvious peak, with the values of 14.3 and 11.5 kg/hm2, respectively. Seed yield and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake of wint

关 键 词：土壤 硝态氮 生物降解 生物降解膜 冬油菜 有机质 养分吸收 

分 类 号：S565.4[农业科学—作物学]