华北土石山区土壤溅蚀影响因素分析  

Factors influencing soil splash erosion in rocky mountain area of northern China

作　　者：相莹敏 张洪江[1] 程金花[1] 钟莉 郭春梅 刘银山 

机构地区：[1]北京林业大学水土保持学院,北京100083 [2]北京市水土保持工作总站,北京100036 [3]延庆县水土保持工作站,北京102100

出　　处：《中国水土保持科学》2016年第2期120-126,共7页Science of Soil and Water Conservation

基　　金：中央高校基本科研业务费专项基金"典型水土流失类型区土壤可蚀性研究"(TD2011-2)

摘　　要：土壤侵蚀会破坏土地吞食农田,降低土壤肥力,直接影响水土资源的利用和保护。雨滴击溅作用下,地表土壤颗粒会发生位移,引起表层土壤颗粒的分离。以华北土石山区作为研究对象,通过野外人工模拟降雨试验,采用改良后的摩根溅蚀盘和雨滴发生器,利用色斑法结合叶面积系数法测定不同条件下的土壤溅蚀量。结果表明:1)溅蚀量随土壤前期含水量增大而增大、与雨滴动能呈正相关(R2>0.96,P<0.05);2)溅蚀量和植被覆盖度呈非线性负相关(R2>0.99,P<0.05)——植被覆盖度越大,土壤溅蚀量随降雨强度增大的幅度越小;3)植被主要通过叶面积改变雨滴直径,通过株高改变降雨高度,对降雨进行再分配,进而改变雨滴动能。叶面积系数越小、株高越低,植被对溅蚀的阻挡作用越强。[ Background] China is one of the countries with most serious soil erosion in the world. In geomorphology and geology, soil erosion is the action of exogenic processes （ such as water flow or wind） which remove soil and rock from one location on the earth＇ s crust, then transport them to another location where they are deposited. Eroded sediment may be transported just a few millimeters, or thousands of kilometers. Soil erosion destroys the farmland, decreases agricultural productivity, descends the land fertility, leads to flood disaster and renders bad influence on the soil protection and land development, all because of loss of the nutrient-rich upper soil layers. The soil sediment on the upper soil layers will displace from the surface under the effect of rainfall splashing to other places. The soil sediment will also crush, disperse, and splash, which becomes one of the most important factors for mountain erosion. It occurs globally and becomes one of the most significant environmental problems. [ Methods] In this study, taking the rocky mountain area of northern China as the research object, we conducted field experiment of artificial rainfall, used improved Morgan spattering plate and raindrop generator, and employed the stain method in combination with leaf area index to measure soil erosion rate under different conditions. [ Results] 1 ） Splash erosion rate increased with the soil moisture content in the early stage and had a positive correlation with the kinetic energy of raindrops （ R^2 〉 0.96,P 〈 0.05 ）. 2） The amount of splash erosion had no linearly negative correlation with the vegetation coverage （ R^2 〉 0.99, P 〈 0.05 ）. There was lower splash erosion rate in the condition of higher intensity rainfall with higher vegetation coverage rate. 3） Leaf area changed the diameter of contacting raindrops and plant height changed the rainfall height. Then, plants redistributed the rainfall and changed the kinetic energy of raindrops. The smaller the leaf area index and height we

关 键 词：溅蚀 含水量 叶面积 雨滴动能 株高 植被覆盖度 降雨强度 华北土石山区 

分 类 号：S157.1[农业科学—土壤学]