合法性概念的滥用与重述  

Reiterating the Concept of Legitimacy

作　　者：杨光斌[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学政治学系,北京市100872

出　　处：《政治学研究》2016年第2期2-19,125,共18页CASS Journal of Political Science

基　　金：中央高校基本科研业务专项资金项目"国家理论的反思与重建"(10XNL015)的研究成果

摘　　要：“无选举授权就没有合法性”已经是很多中国人的一种集体无意识的政治表达。然而，它在合法性概念体系中的地位如何？合法性理论的“立法者”韦伯意指政权的合法律性和有效性；半个世纪之后的冷战时期，为了配合熊彼特对民主概念的颠覆性改造，美国政治学家李普塞特复活并重构了合法性概念，将选举式民主纳入合法性理论，即所谓的合法性来自选举授权。但是，选举授权不仅未能避免20世纪60～70年代西方政治危机，第三世界国家更因此出现政治衰败。为此，亨廷顿响亮地提出不能进行有效治理（统治）的政府不但不具有合法性，还是不道德的。自由主义者罗尔斯和新马克思主义者哈贝马斯在20世纪70年代初相继出版了影响世界的研究西方政治合法性的著作。提倡“反思平衡”的罗尔斯不但论证了西方政治自由主义的合法性问题，还为非西方社会的合法性政治提出一个本文所概括的“良序合宜政体”。这是思想市场上的一个巨大反讽，当罗尔斯反复强调不能依据西方社会条件而判断非西方国家政权的合理性合法性时，中国学者依然在依据那些为西方定制的理论而评判中国政治的合法性。即使在西方知识脉络上，合法性也是一个包含了合法律性、有效性、人民性和正义性的概念体系，而且有效性是所有合法性理论流派的最大公约数。合法性概念的滥用只是中国社会科学令人难以置信的落后性的一个缩影。The competitive election is the prerequisite to political legitimacy,that seems to be a self-evident proposition for many Chinese political students. This paper reviews essential theories of legitimacy and finds that there are some overstatements of the relationship between competitive election and legitimacy in China,an abuse of the concept of legitimacy. Max Weber suggested legitimacy as the legality and efficacy,and Seymour Lipset activated and reconstructed the old concept of legitimacy by introducing competitive democracy into the framework,thus implying that competitive election enpowerment constitutes political legitimacy. Unfortunately,western regimes authorized by competitive election failed to escape political crisis in the 1960- 1970 s,and such legitimacy also threw the Third World countries into political decay. With this background,S. Huntington clearly argued that governments with ineffective governance are by no means legitimate and are even immoral. Rawls and Habermas are another two important theorists on legitimacy. Through his 'reflective equilibrium,'Rawls discussed the legitimacy of political liberalism in western countries,and proposed another just political regime for non-western countries,which is conceptualized in this paper as an 'well ordered decent polity'. Rawls' theory generates two implications. Firstly,efficacy is of crucial importance to legitimacy. Different understandings of legitimacy constitute a system of concepts,which include but not limited to legality,efficacy,justice and people-oriented governance. Among these factors,I find efficacy as the most obvious element that all the legitimacy theories share in common. Secondly,it is ironic for Chinese scholars who measure China's political legitimacy by western theories,considering that preeminent theorists such as Rawls has repeatedly warned against this and has set up a justice regime model for nonwestern countries. Such abuse of the concept of legitimacy on the part of Chinese scholars is nothing but an image of the incredibl

关 键 词：合法性 有效性 统治能力 人民性 正义性 

分 类 号：D90[政治法律—法学理论]