从穷人经济到规模经济——发展阶段变化对中国农业提出的挑战  

Challenges Facing China's Agriculture as It Moves towards a New Development Stage

作　　者：蔡昉[1] 王美艳[2] 

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院,100732 [2]中国社会科学院人口与劳动经济研究所,100028

出　　处：《经济研究》2016年第5期14-26,共13页Economic Research Journal

摘　　要：与经济发展的一般阶段划分相呼应,并且参照各国农业发展的共同规律,本文做出中国农业发展总体上已经完成解决食品供给问题和解决农民收入问题的阶段,正处在解决农业生产方式问题的第三个阶段的判断。本文揭示,一方面,由于土地经营规模的制约,农业出现了资本报酬递减现象,显现出作为一个产业缺乏自立性和竞争力;另一方面,以农业产业特殊论为代表的传统观念禁锢了农业发展的政策思路,使中国农业开始走向过度依赖补贴和保护的道路,农业发展新阶段的任务迟迟不能破题。本文尝试从理论上对不利于构建现代化农业生产方式的传统观念予以澄清,从经验上揭示中国农业因规模不经济而面临的困境,从政策上建议通过改革,破除土地制度和户籍制度等妨碍土地经营规模扩大的体制性障碍。With reference to general categorization of economic development stages and international experiences of agricultural development, this paper asserts that China＇s agricultural development has overall completed two stages that aim to solve food problem and income problem, respectively, and entered new stage aiming to build a mode of agricultural production. The paper identifies two causes that lead to no progress in accomplishing the task entrusted by the new stage of agricultural development in China. One, constrained by farm size, there appears phenomenon of diminishing return to capital in agriculture, which seemingly indicates that China＇s agriculture as an industry lacks the viability and competitiveness. Two, conventional wisdom that claims the exceptionality in market competition characterizing agriculture as an industry in general and the Chinese agriculture in particular, which leads China＇s agriculture to be over dependent on subsidies and protection. This paper tries to clarify such conventional wisdom impeding the construction of modern mode of agricultural production in theoretical perspective, to explore difficulty facing China＇s agriculture caused by diseconomy of scale in empirical perspective and to propose reforms of land system and household registration system in order to eliminate institutional barriers preventing size of farm land from enlarging.

关 键 词：农业发展阶段 农业生产方式 经营规模 农业生产函数 

分 类 号：F323[经济管理—产业经济]