长期免耕覆膜栽培和氮水平对稻-油轮作田油菜季杂草氮竞争的影响  

Effect of Long-term Different Cultivation Modes and N Applications on N Competition of Weeds in Oilseed Rape Fields under Rice-oilseed Rape Rotation System

作　　者：董瑜皎[1] 袁江[1] 吕世华[1] 

机构地区：[1]四川省农业科学院土壤肥料研究所,四川成都610066

出　　处：《西南农业学报》2016年第4期782-786,共5页Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences

基　　金：国家农业部公益性行业科研专项(201103003;201303129);国家科技支撑计划(2010BAD01B05)

摘　　要：本试验选取四川丘陵区已连续10年进行水稻-油菜轮作的定位试验田,于2013年油菜成熟期,研究3种耕作栽培方式下(传统耕作栽培:水稻季油菜季均翻耕+水稻季不覆膜处理;免耕不覆膜:水稻季油菜季均免耕+水稻季不覆膜处理;免耕覆膜:水稻季油菜季均免耕+水稻季覆膜处理),3个施氮水平[0 kg/hm^2(CK)、150 kg/hm^2(N150)、225 kg/hm^2(N225)]对稻-油轮作制油菜田杂草与油菜的生长和N吸收的影响,为稻-油轮作油菜田杂草的生物防除和养分管理提供依据。结果表明,试验田共记录到杂草14科16种,以豆科植物大巢菜(Vicia sativa L.)的N含量最高,菊科植物泥胡菜(Hemistepta lyrata Bunge)的N含量最低,不同处理氮吸收量最大的杂草同时也是田间优势杂草。在不施用氮肥条件(CK)下,杂草地上部重量和氮吸收量高于油菜地上部重量和氮吸收量,以免耕不覆膜处理杂草生物量和氮吸收量最低。N150和N225水平油菜地上部重量和氮吸收量显著高于杂草地上部重量和氮吸收量,以免耕覆膜处理油菜生物量和氮吸收量最高。随着施氮水平的提高,油菜地上部的氮吸收量增加,而杂草地上部的氮吸收量却下降,试验表明,适宜耕作栽培措施和施用氮肥均能起到杂草防除的效果。试验发现在稻-油轮作生产体系采用免耕结合水稻季覆膜栽培和氮肥施用有利于后茬油菜的生长与氮素吸收利用,也有利于杂草的防除。The experiments were conducted in a ten years rice-oilseed rape rotation field in Sichuan hilly areas,and at oilseed rape maturity period in 2013,under three cultivation modes（Conservation tillage： tillage before rice and oilseed sowed ＋ rice field without plastic mulch;No-tillage and No-plastic mulch： rice and oilseed rape field no-tillage ＋ rice field without plastic mulch; No-tillage and plastic mulch： rice and oilseed rape field no-tillage ＋ rice field with plastic mulch） the effects of the application of three N levels[0 kg / hm^2（CK）,150 kg/hm^2（N150）,225 kg/hm^2（N225） ]on the growth and N absorption of oilseed rape and weeds in oilseed rape fields under rice-oilseed rape rotation system were studied. The result showed that totally 14 families and 16 species of weeds were observed,of which the legume（Vicia sativa L.） had the highest N content,the compositae（Hemistepta lyrata Bunge） had the lowest N content,and the largest N absorption weeds were also the dominant weed in different treatments. Without N application（CK）,the weight and N uptake of weeds were higher than that of oilseed rape,and weeds＇ weight and N uptake of no-tillage and no plastic mulch were the lowest. With N150 and N225,the weight and N uptake of oilseed rape were significantly higher than that of weeds,and the oilseed rape＇s weight and N uptake of no-tillage and plastic mulch were the highest. As the N application was increased,N uptake of oilseed rape increased,and weeds＇ N accumulation reduced,which was suitable cultivation modes and N level could control the weeds. It was concluded that in rice-oilseed rape rotation system,combining with no-tillage,rice plastic mulch and N application was beneficial to the oilseed rape growth and N absorption and utilization but also conductive to weeds control.

关 键 词：长期免耕 覆膜栽培 氮水平 水稻-油菜轮作体系 氮吸收量 

分 类 号：S451[农业科学—植物保护]