中国主要鳞翅目农业害虫迁飞致灾机制研究与展望  

Research Advances and Perspectives on Migration-induced Mechanisms Promoting Outbreaks of Major Lepidopteran Insect Pests in China

作　　者：江幸福[1] 张蕾[1] 程云霞[1] 罗礼智[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院植物保护研究所,植物病虫害生物学国家重点实验室,北京100193

出　　处：《中国科学：生命科学》2016年第5期565-572,共8页Scientia Sinica(Vitae)

基　　金：国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(批准号:201403031);国家国际科技合作专项(批准号:2014DFR31250);国家自然科学基金(批准号:31371947,31301656,31071677,31000850);北京市自然科学基金(批准号:6142017)资助

摘　　要：害虫迁飞是长期适应不稳定的农田环境进化形成的通过飞行开拓新生境、调节种群结构和维持种群繁衍的重要生活史对策,也是其经常暴发成灾的主要原因.迁飞害虫暴发是由其本身生物学习性与外部环境相协调的结果,特别是进化出一系列有利于种群生存、繁衍和增长的适应性生活史策略.对黏虫(Mythimna seperata)、草地螟(Loxostege sticticalis)、甜菜夜蛾(Spodoptera exigua)和稻纵卷叶螟(Cnaphalocrocis medinalis)等主要农业害虫的迁飞致灾机制研究表明,这些害虫迁飞已不仅是简单地通过扩大危害区域或增加危害发生频次而加剧灾害,而且进化形成了一系列适应性促进种群暴发的新机制,包括:(ⅰ)适宜的迁飞行为不仅不会以生殖力下降为代价,而且还会促进种群同步生殖,从而加剧后代集中危害;(ⅱ)迁飞型不仅可通过成虫远距离迁飞逃避天敌攻击和病原物侵染,而且在幼虫期还形成了比居留型更强的防御能力,从而有效抵抗天敌和病原物,有利于种群生存、增长与迁飞危害;(ⅲ)黏虫和草地螟进化出了在极端环境下迁飞行为"二次调控"的弹性策略,从而由迁飞型转化为居留型而在本地快速产卵危害;(ⅳ)甜菜夜蛾缺乏"卵子发生-飞行拮抗"综合症,边生殖边迁飞导致危害扩大,且对低剂量毒物显示促进迁飞危害效应.本文根据目前害虫迁飞致灾机制研究现状,提出加强昆虫迁飞行为调控的遗传基础研究,完善迁飞行为的导航与降落机制研究以及开拓害虫迁飞与免互作研究等.Migratory flight of agricultural insect pests is not only an important life history strategy evolved to explore new habitats, regulate population structure and maintain reproductive potential in unstable farmland environments, but also results in frequent outbreaks. Outbreaks of migratory insects can be attributed to an interaction between internal insect biology and external environmental conditions, constituting a series of adaptive life history strategies benefiting survival, reproduction and population growth. Research on major lepidopteran pests in China, including oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata, beet webworm, Loxostege sticticalis, beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua and rice leaf roller, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, indicates that the migratory behavior of these insects not only contributes to spatially widespread and temporally frequent damage, but also facilitates population outbreaks through several mechanisms. First, normal long-distance flight activity does not result in a reproductive cost, and tends to synchronize reproduction within the population leading to intensified outbreaks of larval offspring. Second, migrants can escape increasing populations of local natural enemies and pathogens, and larval offspring also exhibit stronger resistance to them compared with residents, promoting better survival, population growth and outbreak potential. Third, a novel mechanism provides flexibility in regulating migration as a life history strategy in M. separata and L. sticticalis： under extreme environmental conditions, would-be migrants can quickly shift into residents to lay eggs locally. Fourth, S. exigua is a migrant lacking the oogenesis-flight syndrome, and evidence suggests that it can lay eggs during migration. Likewise, a hormetic dose-response to Bt affects S. exigua flight in a way that may also facilitate outbreaks. Based on progress in clarifying the processes promoting outbreaks of these major migratory insects, we propose future research into the mechanisms of genetic regulation, navigation

关 键 词：迁飞害虫 迁飞与生殖 迁飞与免疫 迁飞行为“二次调控” “卵子发生-飞行拮抗”综合症 低剂量毒物促进迁飞效应 

分 类 号：S433.4[农业科学—农业昆虫与害虫防治]