覆膜对半干旱区春玉米生长及产量构成的影响  

Effects of plastic mulch on growth and yield components of spring maize in semi-arid areas

作　　者：张哲[1,2,3] 孙占祥[2,3] 张燕卿[3,4] 郑家明[2] 郝卫平[2] 司鹏飞[2,3] 

机构地区：[1]农业部旱作节水农业重点实验室,北京100081 [2]辽宁省农业科学院耕作栽培研究所/辽宁省旱作节水工程中心,辽宁沈阳110161 [3]沈阳农业大学土地与环境学院,辽宁沈阳110161 [4]中国农业科学院农业环境与可持续发展研究所,北京100081

出　　处：《湖南农业大学学报（自然科学版）》2016年第3期231-237,共7页Journal of Hunan Agricultural University(Natural Sciences)

基　　金：国家科技支撑计划项目（2012BAD09802）;农业部旱作节水农业重点实验室基金（HzJsNY201503）;农业部公益性行业科研专项资金项目（201303125-01）;农业部公益性行业科研专项资金项目（201503105）;辽宁省科技攻关项目（2014213004）;辽宁省自然科学基金项目（2015020789）;农业部公益性行业科研专项资金项目（201103001）

摘　　要：为促进东北半干旱区旱作农田持续增产以及秋覆膜技术的推广,以玉米郑单958为试材,在农业部阜新农业环境与耕地保育科学观测实验站的定位试验地,设置了裸地种植（B）,春季覆膜种植（SM）和秋季覆膜种植（AM）3个处理,研究覆膜处理对玉米的生长发育特性、产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明：覆膜处理能促进玉米的生长,提高籽粒产量,其中,AM处理优势明显,可以增加玉米株高、茎粗、叶面积指数和生物量,促进干物质积累;2014年的籽粒平均产量达14 280 kg/hm2,较SM处理和B处理分别高18.76%和14.51%,增产的原因是穗长、穗粗、粒数、百粒重均大于其他2个处理;2015年的籽粒平均产量达12 120 kg/hm2,较SM处理和B处理分别高10.79%和76.93%,增产的原因是穗长、穗粗、粒数、百粒重的显著增加;AM处理连续2年均显著提高了春玉米的降水利用效率。综合本研究结果,在半干旱地区雨养农田连续应用秋覆膜技术,即使在较为干旱的年情下仍可以实现作物的高产,该技术是提高本地区春玉米产量和农田降水利用效率的有效措施。Maize variety Zhengdan 958 was used as test materialsandthree treatments of bare land planting（B）, plastic mulching in spring （SM） and plastic mulching in autumn （AM）were designed to study the effects of plastic mulch on the growth, yield and yield components of spring maize. The results showed that plastic mulch affected the growth and yield of maize. The AM treatment had obvious advantages on increase of plant height, stem diameter, leaf area index, biomass and dry matter accumulation ; The grain yield of AM treatment was 14 280 kg/hm2 and 12 120 kg/hm2 in 2014 and 2015, respectively, which was 14.51% and 18.76% higher than SM treatment and B treatment in 2014 and 10.79% and 76.93% in 2015. The higher yields of AM were due to its higher ears length, ears thick, grain number and grain weight. The AM treatment increased the utilization efficiency of precipitation significantly in two years. In conclusion, plastic mulch application in autumn continuously in the rainfed farmland of semi-arid areaswas optimal measure to increase springmaize yield and water use efficiency.

关 键 词：春玉米 旱作农田 覆膜处理 产量 生育期 产量构成因素 

分 类 号：S513.01[农业科学—作物学]