云冈石窟的污染物病害调查研究  

Research and study of diseases at the Yungang Grottoes

作　　者：刘仁植[1,2] 张秉坚[1,3] 魏国锋[4] 张晖[3] 石美凤 

机构地区：[1]浙江大学化学系,浙江杭州310027 [2]信阳学院理工系,河南信阳464000 [3]安徽大学历史系,安徽合肥230000 [4]浙江大学文博系,浙江杭州310027 [5]云冈石窟研究院,山西大同037000

出　　处：《文物保护与考古科学》2016年第2期101-110,共10页Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology

基　　金：国家科技支撑计划资助(2009BAK53B05);河南省高等学校重点科研项目资助(16B150014)

摘　　要：云冈地区周边经济发展、工业开发等因素使当地自然环境发生了很大变化;石窟本身成为旅游热点,也使石窟内的病害类型、特征、面积、危害程度等都发生了变化,尤其是各种污染物病害对石窟的破坏作用明显加重。为了更加有效地保护石窟文化遗产,从2010年1月起,浙江大学文物保护实验室会同云冈石窟研究院和西安文物保护修复中心,共同对云冈石窟45个有石雕艺术品的洞窟内的污染物病害进行了系统调查,对污染物种类(包括内源性和外源性)和污染程度进行了分类统计。该工作属于国家科技支撑计划"石窟文物表面有害污物清除技术研究"课题的一部分,同时也是石质文物化学清洗研究的需要。本次调查对于污染物病害分类及命名依据国家标准WW/T0002-2007:石质文物病害与分类图示。调查结果表明,窟内至少存在表面污染与变色、表面层风化、表面生物病害、修补残留及水斑等5大类污染物病害,具体包括粉尘污染、烟熏结壳、黄斑、涂鸦刻画、触摸油脂等12小类,总污染面积达7059.66m^2。同时,分析研究了主要污染物病害的成因和危害性,研究结果为进一步开展清洗和保护研究提供了基础科学数据。如何判别各种污染物对石窟造像的危害?是否需要去除?如何在"最小干预"的原则下最大限度地保护好云冈石窟?这些仍然是有待研究的重要课题。Yungang Grottoes,a world cultural heritage site,have been subjected to severe degradation due to natural and human factors over the years. Since January 2010,a site investigation on damage at the Yungang Grottoes has been carried out by the laboratory of Cultural Relics Conservation Materials of Zhejiang University,together with the Cultural Relics Protection Center in Xi＇an and the Cultural Research Institute of Yungang Grottoes. The classification of and statistics on the damage,based on the categories and levels of damage,are presented. This report is part of the research done under the state science and technology support program and describes the need for damage prevention and restoration work of stone relics. The paper describes five main categories of damage： surface pollution and discoloration,surface weathering,surface biodegradation,preservation remains and water spots. Furthermore,the damage causes could be classified into 12 categories： dust pollution,smoked crusts,yellow spots,graffiti,grease,etc. The total polluted area is 7059. 66m^2. the causes of the damage and the degree of the damage were analyzed. This research provides scientific data to guide future cleaning and conservation of the Yungang Grottoes. Further research topics,such as how to evaluate the level of damage,whether pollutants should be removed and how best to preserve the site with ＂minimal effort＂.

关 键 词：云冈石窟 污染物病害 砂岩 风化 危害性 

分 类 号：K879.22[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]