田赋、地租与中国传统社会乡村结构变迁--基于20世纪20-30年代的分析  

Land Tax,Land Rent and Rural Structure Change in Traditional China——Theory and Empirical Study Based on the Period of 1920s and 1930s

作　　者：刘愿[1] 

机构地区：[1]华南师范大学经济与管理学院,华南市场经济研究中心,广东广州510006

出　　处：《学术月刊》2016年第6期53-67,52,共16页Academic Monthly

摘　　要：主流观点认为,中国传统社会土豪劣绅的土地兼并导致农民失地,大量失地农民导致社会动荡甚至朝代更替。实际上,中国传统社会是一个契约社会,具有人多地少的要素禀赋结构、小农经济下的低积累水平的特征,国家田赋是理解中国传统社会农民失地的一个关键因素。高田赋削弱了小土地所有者特别是自耕农的自生能力,自耕农沦为半自耕农甚至佃农,加剧了佃农之间的竞争,地主可以通过高地租将高田赋转嫁给佃农。因此,高田赋既提高了地租,又加剧了农民失地。基于20世纪20—30年代的省级数据的实证研究,支持了上述理论假说:国家高田赋使佃农比例和半自耕农比例显著提高、自耕农比例显著下降,同时使地租率显著增加;佃农和半自耕农比例提高使地租率显著增加,自耕农比例提高反而显著降低地租率;在同时控制农佃结构和田赋时,两者对地租的作用均有所减小,而且田赋与农佃结构的交互项系数均显著,表明田赋部分地通过影响农佃结构作用于地租。因此,我们看到的高地租实际上是在人多地少要素禀赋下地主向佃农转嫁高田赋的结果,地主和农民的矛盾背后实际上是国家与农民的矛盾。这个发现有助于深化人们对中国传统社会的高地租和乡村社会结构变迁之原因的认识。The mainstream argues that the land transaction makes the peasants lose their lands and accumulative land-loss peasants will ultimately result in social unrest and the replacement of dynasties. Factually, traditional China is a contractual society, and it is characterized by quite high man-land ratio and low accumulation level in agriculture-dominant economy. Heavy land tax is a key to understand why the peasants lose their land in traditional China. Heavy land tax cripple the small landowner particularly owner-peasants＇ viability, who have to sell their land when getting in trouble and turn into half owner- peasants and tenant. This structure change will intensifies the competition of land leasing market among tenants. The landlord can largely transfer the tax to tenant by levying high land rent. As a result, heavy land tax raises the land rent and triggers more peasants losing land. The empirical study according to Chinese provincial data during 1920s and 1930s demonstrates the above hypothesis. The findings will clarify the understanding on the causes of high land rent and rural structure change in traditional China.

关 键 词：田赋 地租 中国传统社会 乡村结构变迁 

分 类 号：F1[经济管理—世界经济]