幼龄果园坡耕地保护性耕作的水土保持效果  

Effects of conservation tillage on the sloping cultivated land of a young orchard

作　　者：潘艳华[1] 王攀磊 郭玉蓉[1,2] 曾莉[1] 朱红业[1,2] 郭志强[1,2] 番华彩[1] 刘树芳[1] 杜彩艳[1] 

机构地区：[1]云南省农业科学院农业环境资源研究所,昆明650205 [2]农业部嵩明农业环境科学观测实验站,昆明650205

出　　处：《中国水土保持科学》2016年第3期139-145,共7页Science of Soil and Water Conservation

基　　金：公益性行业(农业)科研专项"中缅边境地区特色水果错季高效生产及产业化研究与示范"(201403036);公益性行业(农业)科研专项"坡耕地合理耕层构建技术指标研究及集成示范"(201503119);农业部"嵩明农业环境科学观测实验站"(2011-08)

摘　　要：随着农业产业结构调整,滇西南地区新植果园不断增多,水土流失及土壤退化成为该区域内普遍存在的重要生态环境问题。为提供切实可行的耕作技术指导,保护生态环境安全,本研究以滇西南边境地区坡耕地幼龄果园为对象,通过测定3种不同耕作措施（传统耕作、秸秆覆盖和生物覆盖）下的土壤养分状况、地表径流量和土壤流失量,研究不同保护性耕作模式的水土保持效果及作用机理。结果表明：秸秆覆盖和生物覆盖均能改善土壤养分状况,减少水土流失。相比于传统耕作,其他2种保护性耕作模式的土壤有机质、全氮和全钾质量分数增加了14%以上,径流量减少20%左右,土壤流失量减少10%～30%,总养分流失减少20%～30%。其中,生物覆盖模式水土保持效果更为显著,而且,随着试验时间推进,秸秆覆盖和生物覆盖模式的水土保持效果有明显增加的趋势。[ Background] In recent decades, soil erosion has become severe environment problem in southwest Yunnan with the increasing of young orchard. Soil erosion is a complex process that depends on soil properties, ground slope, vegetation, and rainfall amount and intensity. Due to the exceptional weather and geographical conditions, the situation is more special in southwest Yunnan. Therefore, it is a critical issue that how the soil and water runoff and degradation of orchards is controlled in this area. This field study aimed to explore the effect and mechanism of soil and water conservation by different tillage practices. [ Methods] The field trails were conducted on a red soil sloping land at Baoshan with altitude of 2 300 m. Long-term average annual rainfall is 966.5 mm and annual temperature is 15.5 ℃ at this site. A total of 3 treatments （traditional tillage, straw mulching, and biological covering） were set up, each treatment was repeated for 3 times, and the area of each treatment was 30 m2. Plum was cultivated with plants spacing of 10 cm and row spacing of 30 cm at all treatments. Different treatments were applied on the spacing between rows： not planting any crops, mulching corn straw, and inter-planting mixed grasses. Soil nutrition content （nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium）, surface runoff and soil loss amount were determined by the process of study. [ Results ] After a 2-year trial, soil organic matter, total nitrogen and total potassium contents increased by more than 14% , runoff amounts reduced by about 20% , erosion reduced by 10% - 30% , losses of total nutrient decreased by 20% - 30% when compared with traditional tillage practice, and the effect was more significant in biological covering tillage. The results from the study showed： 1 ） Tillage with biological covering resulted in a slight increase of soil porosity and reduction of bulk density. 2） Both treatments resulted in the reduction of soil loss and soil nutrient loss. The percent of decrease in runoff by biological cov

关 键 词：幼龄果园 坡耕地 保护性耕作 水土保持 传统耕作 秸秆覆盖 生物覆盖 

分 类 号：S157.2[农业科学—土壤学]