箭筈豌豆真菌病害研究进展  

Research advances on fungal diseases of Vicia sativa

作　　者：徐杉[1] 李彦忠[1,2] 

机构地区：[1]草地农业生态系统国家重点实验室兰州大学草地农业科技学院,甘肃兰州730020 [2]中国农业科学院草原研究所,内蒙古呼和浩特010010

出　　处：《草业学报》2016年第7期203-214,共12页Acta Prataculturae Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(No.31272496);公益性行业(农业)科研专项经费项目(No.201303057);国家牧草产业技术体系(CARS-35);教育部重大科技项目(No.313028)资助

摘　　要：箭筈豌豆是一年生野豌豆属植物,也是野豌豆属的重要栽培种。截止2015年年底,世界范围内箭筈豌豆真菌病害共有14种,分布于28个国家或地区,茎叶部病害、根部病害和系统性病害分别有10种(黑腐病、炭疽病等)、3种(丝囊霉根腐病、镰孢根腐病、腐霉病)和1种(黄萎病)。这些病害中,链格孢黑斑病、丝囊霉病、腐霉病、黄萎病4种病害仅在国外报道。附球菌叶斑病和葡柄霉叶斑病两种病害仅在我国发生。我国共10种病害,在10个省区有报道,其中病害发生数最多的地区为甘肃(8种),其次为云南(6种)。箭筈豌豆的真菌性病原共有43种,25种为半知菌,占总数的58%,其余为7种子囊菌、6种担子菌、5种鞭毛菌,分别占总数的16%,14%和12%。43种病原真菌中,有15种真菌引起的病害仅在国外报道,有7种真菌引起病害仅在我国报道。还有7种真菌只在箭筈豌豆上发现,再无其他寄主报道。另外,我国还在箭筈豌豆种子上检测出6种种带真菌,其中4种均能不同程度地降低箭筈豌豆种子的萌发和幼苗的生长。国内外对箭筈豌豆真菌病害的危害程度、发生规律和防治等方面研究较少,主要集中在炭疽病、白粉病、锈病、灰斑病等几种病害上。随着箭筈豌豆栽培面积和需求的扩大,应该关注影响我国箭筈豌豆生产的主要真菌病害,在确定病原真菌的基础上,加深对病原真菌发生规律的研究,制定出有效的防治策略。Vicia sativa（Leguminosae）is one of the most important and widely cultivated crops in China.By the end of 2015,14 fungal diseases of V.sativahad been reported from 28 countries.Of these 14 diseases,10infect the leaves and stems,three infect the roots,and one infects the plants systemically.Four fungal pathogens（Alternaria alternata,Aphanomyces euteiches,Pythium debaryanm,Verticillium dahliae）have only infected V.sativaabroad,and two（Epicoccum nigrum and Stemphylium botryosum）have only infected V.sativain China.In China,10 fungal diseases of V.sativa have been detected in 10 provinces.Among these provinces,Gansu has the most fungal diseases（eight）,followed by Yunnan（six）.In total,there are 43 fungal pathogenic species that infect V.sativa.These pathogens belong to the Deuteromycotina（58%）,Ascomycotina（16%）,Basidiomyotina（14%）,and Mastigomycotina（12%）.Of these 43 fungal pathogens,15 occur only abroad,seven occur only in China,and seven are specific to V.sativa.In addition,six seed-borne fungi have been detected in V.sativaseeds in China,and four of them are known to have negative effects on seed germination and seedling growth.Until now,there have been few studies on the harm,life cycle,and management of fungal diseases of V.sativa,although some studies have described aspects of common diseases such as anthracnose,powdery mildew,rust and botrytis.With the increasing cultivation area of V.sativaand the increased demand for this crop,it is important to study its main fungal diseases to evaluate yield losses,to accurately identify the causal agents,to evaluate the dynamics and occurrence of diseases,and to develop effective management strategies.

关 键 词：箭筈豌豆 真菌病害 真菌 发生规律 造成损失 防治策略 

分 类 号：S435.5[农业科学—农业昆虫与害虫防治]