地方知识在水安全格局识别中的作用——以重庆御临河流域龙兴、石船镇为例  

The roles of local knowledge in identifying water security pattern: a case study of Longxing and Shichuan Township in Yulin Watershed,Chongqing

作　　者：衡先培[1] 王志芳[2] 戴芹芹 姜芊孜 

机构地区：[1]北京大学深圳研究生院,深圳518055 [2]北京大学建筑与景观设计学院,北京100871 [3]宁波市鄞州区东吴镇人民政府,宁波315113 [4]北京大学城市与环境学院,北京100871

出　　处：《生态学报》2016年第13期4152-4162,共11页Acta Ecologica Sinica

基　　金：水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项(2012ZX07307001-03)

摘　　要：景观安全格局作为一种生态规划途径,其识别过程具有综合性和复杂性。立足于水安全格局,力求挖掘地方知识在解决特定场地水生态问题中的意义。研究区域为重庆御临河流域的石船、龙兴镇。"谷歌地图+辅助问卷"的方法收集了大量地方知识对场地水过程的认知(包括雨洪、灌溉过程,饮用水过程,捕鱼过程等)。研究对比了地方知识与科学知识的关系,通过结合两者的信息共同构建当地的水安全格局,并在过程中总结了地方知识在水安全格局识别中的作用。研究肯定了地方知识在水安全格局识别过程中的重要价值。地方知识与科学知识在一些水过程识别结果上具有很强的相似性。在科学数据充分的情况下,地方知识是对科学识别的有效补充及模型校正,例如能够为径流和径流交汇点等级划分提供地方依据。在科学数据匮乏的情况下,地方知识能够快速支撑某些水过程的分析以及格局识别,例如地方知识能够识别出地下水水位、地下河、鱼类栖息地与产卵场等关键空间要素,并且提供微观的调节措施以减少水库运行对鱼类的影响。整体而言,地方知识具有一定独立识别大尺度雨洪安全格局的能力,但也有自身的局限,包括认知范围狭小,地方性强等。研究为地方知识在景观安全格局应用中的科学体系提供了一个初步探索。As an analytical process for ecological planning, the identification of Landscape Security Pattern （ SP ） is very comprehensive and complicated. Focusing on water security pattern, this study explores the importance of local knowledge in solving water problems at specific locations. The study area locates at Shichuan and Longxing Township in Yulin Watershed, Chongqing. Confronting to seasonal flooding and water shortage in this area, the pond chongchong paddy field system created by local people is a comprehensive water resource management and utilization system. Local knowledge and ecological wisdom is inherently embedded in local landscape. To demonstrate the importance of local knowledge in contemporary ecological planning, ＂Google Map ＋ supplemental questionnaires＂ are used to collect information about local water processes identified by local knowledge （including flooding, irrigation, drinking and fishing）. The field investigation revolves almost 100 stakeholders including local officers, motorists, businessmen, covers 30 villages in the study area and fishermen and farmers. Each interview lasts half to one hour. The primary focuses of data analysis are to compare local knowledge with scientific knowledge, to integrate them together for local water security pattern （including rainstorm SP, underground water SP and aquatic SP ）, and to synthesize the role of local knowledge in the identification process. The analysis confirms the importance of local knowledge in identifying water security pattern and synthesizes its roles in two conditions ： abundant or lack of scientific data. In conditions with abundant scientific data, some key processes identified by local knowledge are much similar to results from scientific analyses. In addition, local knowledge can offer complementary evaluation and model adjustments. For instance, local knowledge can identify similar elements as those from scientific methods, but also offer specific justification for hierarchical levels of runoff and runoff inters

关 键 词：地方知识 水安全格局 堰塘——冲冲田系统 

分 类 号：TV213.4[水利工程—水文学及水资源]