普通承运人、公共承运人与“从事公共运输的承运人”:渊源、流变与立法探究  

A Study on Common Carrier,Public Carrier,and Carrier Engaged in Public Transportation:Theirs Origin,Evolution and Legislation

作　　者：马得懿[1] 

机构地区：[1]华东政法大学

出　　处：《社会科学》2016年第8期94-107,共14页Journal of Social Sciences

基　　金：辽宁省社科基金规划项目"沿海经济带建设中相关法律问题研究"(项目编号:L12BFX005)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：相当多的中文文献将普通法下"common carrier"径直翻译为"公共承运人"。然而,通过对普通法下"common carrier"的历史渊源和发展脉络的体系性解读,"common carrier"具有多重的法律蕴意。不同的历史时期,"common varrier"在强制缔约义务和严格责任体系两个范畴上互有侧重而变动不居。在理解强制缔约义务的适用和公共运输的承担两个进路上,为界分普通承运人和公共承运人提供了历史的、经济的以及法理的动力。顾及到中国《合同法》第289条的规定,进而可以将普通法下"common carrier"分别解析为普通承运人、公共承运人以及"从事公共运输的承运人"。考察《合同法》第289条的立法目的和背景,其实质是以基本上作为私法体系的合同法典来尝试规制国际航运市场秩序,这不仅映射出其立法技术的不足,而且一度造成人们对"common carrier"在不同法系和法律语境中的误读。在国际航运经济活动固有的特殊性背景下,解读"common carrier"这一具有跨国因素的法律概念,从立法技术、修法成本以及法律移植等基本范畴上看,我国《合同法》第289条具有重塑的可行性。Where the expression of ＂common carrier＂ under common law be interpreted into the ＂public carrier＂ directly in a considerable number of Chinese academic paper is really misconception. There are of, however, multiple legal implications with ＂common carrier＂ under English law, through systematic interpretation in the context of history and development. This paper expounds when and why the ＂common carrier＂ under Common Law system, should assume compulsory obligation on concluding a contract and strictly liabilities, which may make a disintegration from ＂common carrier＂ into ＂public carrier＂ and carrier engaged public transportation under Chinese legal system, and also, promote understanding the legal background of Chinese Contract Law Code by approach of historical, economy and jurisprudence respective. Essentially, the legislative purpose of Article 289 of Chinese Contact Law Code, is to regulate the market order in shipping industry. However, the paper put forward to some legislative defect, to some extent, really make people misunderstand the word ＂common carrier＂ being a transnational legal conception, due to the monopolization and complication of shipping activities worldwide, and normally the Chinese Contract Law Code been considered as a private law system. Finally, the necessity and feasibility for amendment to the Article 289 of the Chinese Contract Law Code be justified accordance with legislative technique, cost of amendment and legal transplantation.

关 键 词：普通承运人 公共承运人 从事公共运输的承运人 强制缔约义务 服务 合同 

分 类 号：D996.1[政治法律—经济法学]