油罐车蒸汽洗罐作业职业病危害因素检测及其防治对策  

Detection and countermeasures of occupational hazards in steam washing of tank truck

作　　者：左虹[1] 唐瑾[1] 木拉提[1] 王力民[1] 李雪[1] 

机构地区：[1]乌鲁木齐铁路局疾病预防控制所职业卫生科,新疆乌鲁木齐830011

出　　处：《职业与健康》2016年第11期1444-1446,共3页Occupation and Health

摘　　要：目的了解铁路油罐车蒸汽洗罐作业职业病危害因素及作业者的接触情况,提出控制和预防职业中毒的措施和对策。方法采用职业卫生学调查和现场浓度检测,用时间加权平均浓度(C_(TWA))、短时间接触浓度(CSTEL)和超限倍数分析评价作业者的接触情况。结果在满负荷作业时苯、二甲苯(C_(STEL))分别为85.8和118.0 mg/m^3,超过职业接触限值7.6和0.2倍;最高温度、湿度分别为44.7℃和80%;检测的所有毒物(C_(TWA))均未超过职业接触限值;存在安全操作、局部通风、现场毒物检测及应急救援措施不到位的情况。结论车辆段油罐车蒸汽洗罐作业存在急性职业中毒和中暑隐患。蒸汽洗罐作业属于密闭空间作业,应严格按照安全操作规程作业,建立作业准入制度,加强作业场所的局部通风和应急救援措施,可有效预防和控制急性职业中毒的发生。[Objective]To understand the occupational hazards in steam washing of railway tanker,investigate the exposure status of workers,and put forward the control and prevention measures and countermeasures against the occupational poisoning.[Methods]By using the occupational hygiene surveys and field concentration detection,the exposure status of workers was analyzed and evaluated by the concentration-Time Weighted Average（CTWA）,concentration-Short Term Exposure Limit（CSTEL）,and excursion limits.[Results]At full load operation,CSTELof benzene and xylene was 85.8 mg/m^3 and 118.0 mg/m^3 respectively,which was 7.6 times and 0.2 times higher than the occupational exposure limits respectively. The highest temperature and humidity was 44.7 ℃and 80% respectively. CTWAof all poisons did not exceed the occupational exposure limits. The implementations of safety operation,local ventilation,field poisons testing and emergency rescue measures were not completed.[Conclusion]There exist the hidden risks of acute occupational poisoning and heat stroke in the steam washing of railway tanker. The steam tank washing belongs to the confined space work,and it is necessary to strictly implement the safety operation procedures,establish access system,and strengthen workplace local ventilation and emergency rescue measures,to effectively prevent and control the acute occupational poisoning.

关 键 词：蒸汽洗罐作业 密闭空间 职业中毒 预防措施 

分 类 号：R134.2[医药卫生—劳动卫生]