启蒙辩证法与理性批判的潜能  

The Dialectic of Enlightenment and the Potential for Rational Critique

作　　者：谢永康[1] 

机构地区：[1]南开大学哲学院,副教授哲学博士天津300350

出　　处：《中国社会科学》2016年第7期83-103,206,共21页Social Sciences in China

基　　金：国家社科基金青年项目(项目编号12CZX063);天津市教委社科重大项目(项目编号2012ZD)的中期成果

摘　　要：哈贝马斯将工具理性批判置于韦伯合理性理论语境中来评判,此策略无异于将启蒙辩证法预先限制在一个意义贫乏的框架之内,从而过滤掉其丰富内涵和批判潜能。一旦走出韦伯的理论框架,启蒙辩证法便可以在知性文化批判和绝对理性的元批判等层面上与近代以来的理性批判传统展开对话,并借此呈现其本来的立体结构。工具理性批判的使命在于立足于一个适当的主体性概念,克服近代理性批判的分裂,建立批判的理性与主体自我持存的统一。理性的自我批判属于形而上学,但如果其对象扩展到文化和社会层面,那么它必定也是一种人类自我审查的行为;一种适当的自我持存能够提供自我认识和自我审查的动力和尺度,这使得理性批判的潜能得以实现出来。Jürgen Habermas put his critique of instrumental reason in the context of Weber's theory of rationality.This strategy is no different from pre-positioning the dialectic of enlightenment within the confines of a framework bereft of meaning,and thus screening out its rich connotations and critical potential.Once one leaves Weber's theoretical framework,the dialectic of enlightenment can open a dialogue with the tradition of rational criticism that has developed since early modern times at the level of epistemic cultural critique,the metacritique of absolute reason,etc.,thereby indicating its original three-dimensional structure.The mission of the critique of instrumental reason is founded on an appropriate concept of the agent,one that endeavors to overcome the split in the critique of reason in early modern times and build up the unity of critical reason and the persistence of the self as agent.The self-criticism of rationality falls under metaphysics,but if its target is expanded to the cultural and social level,it necessarily becomes an act of human self-examination.The right kind of persistence of the subjective self can provide impetus and standards for self-cognition and self-examination,thus enabling the potential of rational critique to be actualized.

关 键 词：启蒙辩证法 理性批判 工具理性 思辨理性 自我持存 

分 类 号：B024[哲学宗教—哲学理论]