3D打印材料应用和研究现状  

Application and Research Status of Alternative Materials for 3D-printing Technology

作　　者：王延庆[1] 沈竞兴 吴海全 

机构地区：[1]中国矿业大学材料科学与工程学院,江苏徐州221116

出　　处：《航空材料学报》2016年第4期89-98,共10页Journal of Aeronautical Materials

基　　金：江苏省自然基金项目(BK20141126);中国矿业大学国家大学生创新训练计划项目(201610290089)

摘　　要：综述了3D打印领域内六种典型3D打印工艺各自所用的3D打印材料,从物理形态上主要包含液态光敏树脂材料、薄材(纸张、塑料膜)、低熔点丝材和粉末材料四种;从成分上则几乎涵盖了目前生产生活中的各类材料包括塑料、树脂、蜡等高分子材料,金属和合金材料,陶瓷材料等。立体光刻(Stereo Lithigraphy Apparatus,SLA)工艺的材料为感光性的液态树脂,即光敏树脂;叠层实体制造(Laminated Object Manufacturing,LOM)工艺的材料为纸张、塑料膜等薄材;熔融沉积成型(Fused Deposition Modeling,FDM)工艺的材料主要为便于熔融的低熔点丝状材料,主要为蜡丝、聚烯烃树脂丝、聚酰胺丝、ABS塑料丝等高分子材料;选择性激光烧结(Selective Laser Sintering,SLS)的材料是各类粉末,包括尼龙粉、覆裹尼龙的玻璃粉、聚碳酸脂粉、聚酰胺粉、蜡粉、金属粉(打印后常须进行再烧结及渗铜处理)、覆蜡陶瓷粉、覆蜡金属粉以及覆裹热凝树脂细沙等;选择性激光熔化(Selective Laser Melting,SLM)工艺使用与SLS一样的粉末材料,不仅具有SLS优点,而且成型件致密度更高,力学性能更好;三维打印与胶粘(Three Dimensional Printing and Gluing,3DP)工艺的材料同样为粉末材料,但这些粉末是通过喷头喷涂黏结剂被黏结在一起,同时将零件的截面"印刷"在材料粉末上面,类似于纸张彩色打印,可通过设置三原色黏结剂及喷头系统,实现彩色立体打印。对3D打印材料质量和产量的发展方向也进行了分析和展望。Application features and research status of alternative 3D-printing materials for six typical 3D-printingtechniques were reviewed. From the point of view of physical forms,four kinds of materials of liquid photosensitive resin material,thin sheet material（ paper or plastic film）,low melting point filament material and powder material are included. And from the composition point of view,nearly all kinds of materials in the production and life are included such as polymer materials： plastic,resin,wax; metal and alloy materials; ceramic materials. Liquid photosensitive resin material is used for stereo lithigraphy apparatus（ SLA）; thin sheet materials such as paper or plastic film are used for laminated object manufacturing（ LOM）; low melting point polymer filament materials such as wax filament,polyolefin resin filament,polyamide filament and ABS filament are used for fused deposition modeling（ FDM）; very wide variety powder materials including nylon powder,nylon-coated glass powder,polycarbonate powder,polyamide powder,wax powder,metal powder（ Re-sintering and infiltration of copper are needed after sintering）,wax-coated ceramic powder,wax-coated metal powder and thermosetting resin-coated fine sand are used for selective laser sintering（ SLS）. Nearly the same above powder materials are used for selective laser melting（ SLM）,but the printed parts own much more higher density and better mechanical properties. Powder materials are likewise used for threedimensional printing and gluing（ 3DP）,however,the powders are stuck together by tricolor binder sprayed through nozzle and cross-section shape of the part is color-printed on it. Finally,the development direction in both quality and the yield of 3D-printing materials were pointed out to be a bottle-neck issue and a hot topic in the field of 3D-printing.

关 键 词：3D打印 材料 应用特点 发展方向 

分 类 号：TF124.36[冶金工程—粉末冶金]