秸秆全量还田与氮肥用量对水稻产量、氮肥利用率及氮素损失的影响  

Effects of straw incorporation plus nitrogen fertilizer on rice yield,nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen loss

作　　者：张刚[1,2,3] 王德建[2] 俞元春[1,3] 王灿[2] 庄锦贵 

机构地区：[1]南京林业大学生物与环境学院,南京210037 [2]中国科学院南京土壤研究所,南京210008 [3]南京林业大学南方现代林业协同创新中心,南京210037

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2016年第4期877-885,共9页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：江苏省农业科技自主创新资金项目"区域秸秆全量利用关键技术研究与项目推广"[CX(12)1002];"十二五"国家科技支撑资助项目(2012BAJ24B06);国家自然科学基金项目(31270664);江苏省普通高校研究生科研创新计划项目(KYLX15_09)资助

摘　　要：【目的】在我国水稻生产中探讨秸秆全量还田与氮肥配施的理论与技术,阐明秸秆还田对水稻产量、氮素利用率及氮素损失的影响,对于提高水稻产量和氮素利用效率、减少氮污染具有重要意义。【方法】2009 2011年,以水稻南粳46为材料,在江苏常熟农业生态实验站进行原状土柱模拟试验。试验采用裂区设计,主区为秸秆全量还田(S)和无秸秆还田(S0);副区为氮肥用量(N),设置N 120、180、240和300 kg/hm^24个氮水平,以不施氮肥(N0)为对照。分析了水稻基肥期、分蘖期、穗肥期的氨挥发量和土壤80 cm处渗漏水全氮含量,土壤0—15 cm全氮含量,水稻产量,以及水稻籽粒和秸秆氮含量,计算水稻生育期氮肥的氨挥发损失率、淋溶损失率、土壤残留率以及水稻的氮肥利用效率。【结果】水稻产量随氮肥适宜用量增加而增加,与单施氮肥相比,秸秆还田下水稻平均增产6.3%,其中N 240 kg/hm^2处理产量最高;水稻的氮肥利用率随施氮量的增加呈下降趋势,秸秆还田能够提高水稻的氮肥利用率,氮肥农学效率和氮肥表观利用率较单施氮肥分别提高1.4 3.4 kg/kg和1.8%4.2%;水稻田氨挥发损失量、氮肥淋溶损失量和土壤残留氮量均随施氮量的增加而增加,在N 240 kg/hm^2水平下,秸秆还田氨挥发损失量增加18.2%、土壤残留氮量增加10.1 kg/hm^2,减少氮素淋溶损失量30.9%,氮肥总损失率降低6.0%。【结论】在秸秆全量还田下,配施适量的氮肥,可以提高水稻对氮肥的利用率,增加产量,同时减少氮肥损失。本试验中,以麦秸全量还田配施N 240 kg/hm^2为最优组合。【Objectives 】 Exploration of the theory and technology of N application along with total straw incorporation has great significance for raising rice yield and N use efficiency,alleviating nitrogen pollution in rice production in China.【Methods】A split plot field experiment was conducted using monolith lysimeter with a local rice Nanjing 46 as material in Changshu Agro-ecological Experimental Station,Jiangsu Province,China from 2009 to 2011. The main plot was total wheat straw incorporation（ S） and no straw incorporation（ S0）; the sub-plots were four N rates： 120 kg / hm-2（N1）,180 kg /hm-2（N2）,240 kg /hm-2（N3） and 300 kg /hm-2（N4）,with no N application as control（ CK）. The amount of ammonia volatilization,total N contents in leachate and soil,the N contents in straw in different growth periods and grains were determined,the rice yields were investigated.【Results】The rice yield was increased with the increasing of N application rate. Compared with no straw incorporation treatments,the average rice yields of S ＋ N treatments were increased by 6. 3%,and the highest yield was obtained in SN3 treatment. N use efficiencies were declined with the increasing of N rates in rice reason,which could be enhanced by straw incorporation. Agronomic N efficiency and N apparent recovery in S ＋ N treatments were all higher than those of N treatments by 1. 4-3. 4 kg / kg and 1. 8%-4. 2% respectively. With the increasing of N application rate,the amount of N residual,ammonia volatilization and N leaching in paddy field increased.Compared with no straw incorporation,the amount of ammonia volatilization and N residual in paddy field with straw incorporation was increased by 18. 2% and 10. 1 kg / hm-2 respectively at N application rate of 240 kg / hm-2,and the N leaching and total N loss were reduced by 30. 9% and 6. 0% respectively. 【Conclusions】Under the straw completely incorporation,optimum N application rate could increase the N efficiency and rice yield,reduce the total N loss. In t

关 键 词：秸秆还田 氮肥用量 氮肥利用率 氮素损失率 水稻产量 

分 类 号：S511[农业科学—作物学]