初论稀有金属矿床研究的一些重要进展  

A Preliminary Discussion on Some Important Advances of the Rare Metal Deposit

作　　者：周振华[1] 车合伟 马星华[1] 高旭[2] 

机构地区：[1]中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所,国土资源部成矿作用与资源评价重点实验室,北京100037 [2]中国地质大学(北京)地球科学与资源学院,北京100083

出　　处：《地质与勘探》2016年第4期614-626,共13页Geology and Exploration

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(41302061);地质大调查项目(12120113093600);中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费项目(K1314)的联合资助

摘　　要：稀有金属矿是重要的战略性储备资源，其成矿机制和成矿作用研究也一直受到了国际上的广泛关注。本文从矿床类型特征、岩浆岩、碳酸岩体与稀有金属矿化的关系、矿床成矿流体与戍矿机制和成矿年代学等4个方面，对近年来的研究进展进行了简要的论述。稀有金属矿床以花岗岩型和花岗伟晶岩型为主，与稀有金属矿化有关的岩体的地球化学组成可以有效指示稀有金属矿化趋势，锆石常具有特殊的化学组成特征（高Th／U比值（1—10）、Y／Ho〈20、Sm／Nd〉0．5、Nb／Y〉0．08和Hf〉2wt％）。流体不混溶作用在稀有金属矿床，尤其是伟晶岩型矿床的成矿流体中常见，成矿多经历了从岩浆-热液多个阶段，流体成分较复杂，除B、F等外，最近还发现了较少见的碳酸盐矿物，其成矿机制值得深入研究。Rare metal ore reserves are important strategic resources,on which metallogenic mechanisms and mineralization studies have received widespread attention in the world. This article presents a brief review that focuses on four aspects of recent progress on this issue,i, e. the characteristics of the deposit type, relationships between magmatic rocks, carbonate rocks and rare metals mineralization, metallogenic fluids and mineralization mechanism, and metallogenic chronology. Rare-metal deposits are dominated by granite type and granitic pegmatite type, with the geochemical composition of the rare metal mineralization-related rocks which can effectively indicate the metals mineralization trend. Usually zircon has special chemical composition characteristics, such as high Th/U ratio （ 1 - 10） ,Y/Ho 〈20,Sm/Nd 〉0.5 ,Nb/Y 〉0.08,and Hf 〉2wt%. Fluid immiscibility is commonly present in the rare metal de- posits, especially in mineralization fluids of the granitic pegmatite-type deposits,and the mineralization experienced multiple phases from magma to hydrothermal phases. Fluid composition is more complex,on which in addition to B and F elements,rare carbonate minerals have been discovered recently, and their metallogenic mechanisms need further study.

关 键 词：稀有金属矿床 花岗岩型 花岗伟晶岩型 微量元素 流体不混熔 

分 类 号：P618.6[天文地球—矿床学]