石料力学性能分析在旧石器考古学研究中的应用  

The application of lithic raw material mechanical analysis in Paleolithic archaeology

作　　者：周振宇[1,2] 郇勇[3] 刘薇[3] 董杰[3] 

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院考古研究所,北京100071 [2]中国科学院脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室,北京100044 [3]中国科学院力学研究所非线性力学国家重点实验室,北京100190

出　　处：《人类学学报》2016年第3期407-417,共11页Acta Anthropologica Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金青年基金项目(41302015);中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDA05130303);国家社会科学基金青年项目(15CKG001)

摘　　要：石料是石器制作过程中的重要因素,石料本身的力学性能不仅与古人类的原料利用方式密切相关,还会影响到石器打制方法、器物组合、甚至石器工业面貌。长期以来,旧石器考古学界对于石料力学性能的判断多基于简单的岩石矿物硬度和结构特征,实际上岩石的力学性能涵盖的内容远远超过其硬度和结构的范畴。本文使用力学研究的方法,通过对石料的单轴抗压强度测试,了解不同原料的力学性能,并将其与遗址出土石制品进行比较研究,尝试探讨岩石本身力学性能与石制品面貌之间的关系。Raw material is commonly considered as a very important element in prehistoric stone tools production. Different raw material has been proved to cause variability in lithic assemblages by influencing the knapping technique and tool types. The knapping properties of raw material have a strong correlation with rock mechanical properties which are determined by factors such as mineral composition, crystal size, density, texture, and degree of weathering, moisture content, etc. For a long time, hardness is taken as only criteria to evaluate the raw material mechanical properties based on a semi-quantitative lithic grade scale. In most cases, ＂easy＂, ＂good＂, are used to describe the high quality raw material by knappers＇ subjective sensation. Lithology analysis and mechanical tests have been proved as quantitative approach for mechanical properties of stone raw material. In the past study, four mechanical properties, elastic response, compressive strength, tensile strength, and fracture toughness were selected for testing. Fracture toughness was supposed as the most objective measure of the knapping quality of raw materials. In this paper, the results of lithology mechanical tests have shown that compressive strength is also an objective measure of the raw material quality. Besides that, rock damage processes in compression tests include the initiation, development and nucleation of cracks that can be reflected on strain vs. stress curves. To investigate the mechanical properties of raw material, compression tests were performed using a MTS 810 material testing machine. Specimen cubes were cut out of pebbles from Paleolithic site for the tests. Force is measured by the load cell, and the deformation of the specimen is measured by a COD displacement sensor fixed between two compression plates. This deformation vs. force relationship was then transformed to a strain vs. stress curve.Six kinds of raw material, dolomite, chert, obsidian, quartz, quartzite, and granite, were involved in the compression test. In S

关 键 词：旧石器时代 岩石学 力学性能 原料利用 

分 类 号：K871.11[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]