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作 者:倪天茹[1,2] 韩斌[1] 李彭辉[3] 许嘉[1] 张楠[1] 张利文[4] 白志鹏[1]
机构地区:[1]中国环境科学研究院环境基准与风险评估国家重点实验室,北京100012 [2]天津体育学院研究生部 [3]天津理工大学环境科学与安全工程学院 [4]天津医科大学公共卫生学院劳动卫生与环境卫生学系
出 处:《中华预防医学杂志》2016年第8期698-704,共7页Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine
基 金:国家重点基础研究发展计划(2011CB503801)
摘 要:目的 解析影响天津市某社区老年人PM2.5个体暴露的主要污染源。方法 在天津市某社区招募60岁以上老年人101名,在2011年的夏季和冬季对老年人进行PM2.5个体暴露样品采集,以老年人个体暴露的PM2.5浓度水平及主要化学组分的组成特征为分析资料,进而使用正矩阵因子分析法(PMF)对老年人个体暴露PM2.5进行定量来源解析。结果 在夏、冬季的颗粒物中,PMF模型解析均识别了6类同样的污染源,分别为以地壳类元素(如Si、Al、Ca、Mg、Fe等)为代表的扬尘源类,以有机碳(OC)和SO42-为标识元素的燃煤源类、以无机碳(EC)、NO3-为标识元素的机动车排放源类,以NO3-、SO42-和NH4+为主的二次粒子,以重金属元素(如Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb等)为代表的工业排放源类和以OC、K、Si、Al等为标识元素的室内源类。6类污染源中,机动车尾气(夏、冬季贡献率分别为33.6%、24.2%)、二次粒子(夏、冬季贡献率分别为27.4%、29.1%)和燃煤尘(夏、冬季贡献率分别为19.9%、24.1%)对PM2.5个体暴露的贡献较大。结论 燃煤、机动车排放是天津市某社区老年人个体暴露PM2.5的主要来源。Objective To determine the pollution sources that influence the level of exposure to particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) in the elderly, and calculate the quantitative contributions of difference sources.Methods Personal exposure PM samples were collected in the summer and winter of 2011 from 101 elderly men in a Tianjin community. Chemical species (elements, water-soluble ions and carbonaceous species) were analyzed in PM samples to determine PM2.5 concentrations and chemical compositions. The Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model, which is recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency, was employed to quantitatively analyze the contribution of each potential sources to personal levels of PM2.5 exposure.Results In both summer and winter, the model identified the same six sources of personal exposure to PM2.5 in the elderly: fugitive dust (marker species: Si, Al, Ca, Mg, Fe etc.), coal combustion emissions (marker species: organic carbon (OC) and SO42-), vehicle exhausts (marker species: inorganic carbon and NO3-), secondary sulfates and nitrates (marker species: NO3-, SO42- and NH4+), industrial emissions (marker species: Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb etc.), and indoor sources (marker species: OC, K, Si, Al etc.). Among these six potential sources, vehicle exhausts (summer: 33.6%, winter: 24.2%), secondary sulfates and nitrates (summer: 27.4%, winter: 29.1%), as well as coal combustion emissions (summer: 19.9%, winter: 24.1%) were the greatest contributors.Conclusions Coal combustion and vehicle exhaust emissions were the major sources of personal exposure to PM2.5 in the elderly, suggesting that these two sources were the key contributors to the precursor gases of secondary sulfate and nitrate.
分 类 号:X513[环境科学与工程—环境工程]
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