南方典型水稻灌区肥药及废弃物空间变异规律  

Spatial Distribution of Rice Fertilizer,Pesticide and Waste disposal in South China's Irrigation District

作　　者：于海蛟[1] 赵树君[1] 崔远来[1] 杜秀文[2] 张绍强[2] 郑传举 

机构地区：[1]武汉大学水资源与水电工程科学国家重点实验室,武汉430072 [2]中国灌溉排水发展中心,北京100083 [3]湖北省樊口电排站管理处,湖北鄂州436001

出　　处：《中国农村水利水电》2016年第8期190-195,共6页China Rural Water and Hydropower

基　　金：水利部科技推广计划项目(TG1405)部分研究内容

摘　　要：过量施肥、打药以及农田废弃物处理不当等造成的农田面源污染已成为水体恶化的重要成因。农田施肥、打药、秸秆处理以及养殖废弃物处理现状调查分析对于摸清农田面源污染成因、制定合理的肥料养分及农药管理制度、提高资源使用效率和减轻农业面源污染的危害具有重要指导意义。以我国南方6省(区)27个以水稻为主要作物的灌区为背景,调查收集灌区2013年施肥、打药、秸秆、养殖废料等废弃物处理的基础数据,对数据资料进行基础处理后,采用克里金插值方法绘制相关指标的空间分布等值线图,分析了其空间变异规律。结果表明:1南方典型水稻灌区单位面积平均施氮量227.50kg/hm^2,施磷量107kg/hm^2,施钾量135.10kg/hm^2;氮磷钾的空间分布特征相似,单位面积施氮量较高的区域其施磷量、施钾量一般也较高。2农药使用量的空间变异较大,其中广西低毒、中毒、高毒农药使用量同时处于高值区,分别达到2.83、1.20、0.60kg/hm^2。3秸秆处理主要以焚烧、还田为主,平均情况下焚烧率37.64%、还田率45.55%、其他处理率16.81%。广西东部秸秆采用其他处理比例较高(占比50%~70%),其他区域秸秆处理主要以焚烧、还田为主,其他处理所占比例不超过20%。4废弃物处理方面,平均情况下,养殖粪便各处理方式所占比例为:直接农业利用36.24%,生产沼气或有机肥12.03%,其他处理20.69%,无处理30.94%;养殖污水各处理方式所占比例为直接农业利用57.69%,其他处理10.93%,无处理31.38%。养殖粪便直接农业利用的空间分布与养殖污水直接利用的空间分布大体相同,整体呈现湖北、湖南、广西高,江西、江苏、浙江低的分布特征,对粪便采取直接农业利用的区域在处理农业污水时也更倾向采取直接农业利用的处理方式。Agricultural non-point source pollution caused by excessive application of fertilizer, pesticides and inappropriate treatment of agricultural waste is an important reason for the deterioration of water quality. The investigation and analysis of fertilizer, pesti- cides, straw, and livestock waste processing is of great significance for finding out the causes of farmland non-point source pollution, formulating reasonable fertilizer and pesticide management system, improving the efficiency of resource use and reducing the harm of agricultural non-point source pollution. In this study, the information of fertilizer and pesticide application, straw treatment, and waste disposal in breeding industry in 2013 was collected, which covered 27 rice-planting irrigation districts of 6 provinces in south- ern China. After data processing, Kriging interpolation method was used for drawing the isoline of space related indicators, and the spatial variability of those indicators were analyzed. The results showed that, ①The average nitrogen application in the typical sou-thern rice irrigation area is 227.50 kg/hm2 , the average phosphorus application is 107 kg/hm2, and the average potassium applica- tion is 135.10 kg/hm2. Moreover, the spatial distribution characteristics of N, P, and K are similar, e. g. , the value of P and K is also high in the place with high N fertilizer. ②The variation of pesticides application in space is obvious, e. g. , the pesticide applica- tion in Guangxi province is higher than other provinces, where the low poisonous pesticide application is 2.83 kg/hm2 , the medium poisonous pesticide application is 1.20 kg/hm2, whereas the high poisonous pesticide application is 0. 60 kg/ hm2. They are high value in Guangxi. ③ The straw is mainly treated by burning and returning. The average rate of burning is 37.64%, and that of re- turning is 45.55 %, whereas that of other treatment is 16.81%. Furthermore, the rate of other treatment in eastern Guangxi is very high （accounting for 50~70%）, whereas the s

关 键 词：水稻灌区 肥药 废弃物 面源污染 空间分布 

分 类 号：S511[农业科学—作物学] TV93[水利工程—水利水电工程]