可持续挖掘草原生产潜力的途径、技术及政策建议  

Priority Approaches, Techniques and Models to Sustainably Tap the Grassland Productivity Potential

作　　者：侯向阳[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院草原研究所,呼和浩特010010

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2016年第16期3229-3238,共10页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家重点基础研究发展计划(2014CB138806);国家国际科技合作专项(2013DFR30760);内蒙古自然科学基金重大项目(2010ZD08)

摘　　要：草原是中国第一大陆地生态系统,面积近4亿hm^2,占国土面积的41.7%,是中国发展现代农业和现代畜牧业的重要资源,是保障国家生态安全的重要屏障带。然而,由于长期不合理开发利用,中国草原面临严峻的生态退化、植被生产力衰减、草畜矛盾突出、畜产品生产效率低下等问题,生态和生产功能均严重下降,成为国家实施可持续发展战略的制约性区域之一。系统地、可持续地挖掘草原生产潜力,有效提升草原生态和生产功能,是加强生态安全和生态文明建设,加速现代畜牧业转型发展的重要保障。挖掘草原生产潜力主要有三方面途径,一是进行退化草原恢复,提高草原生产力;二是进行旱作栽培草地建设;三是发展高效草业。针对不同类型退化草原,采取自然恢复、优化利用、人为改良等改良与恢复措施,可加速退化草原恢复进程,并提高退化草原生产力20%—30%甚至40%—50%。在半干旱区由于水土资源的限制,应重点发展以粮改饲为主的旱作栽培草地,以挖掘本土牧草优异资源为主,选育和扩繁抗旱、抗寒、耐牧型牧草品种,研发和应用旱作草地栽培技术、收获加工技术、土壤保育及耐旱材料等,提高水土资源利用率和旱作栽培生产效率,可提高生产力2—3倍。在区域水资源条件较好且综合平衡的基础上,适度发展高效节水灌溉人工草地,如按提高生产力10—20倍计,每年可增加饲草1.5×10~7—3×10~7 t,可解决2×10~6—4×10~6 hm^2草地的优质饲草的生产问题。为保障可持续挖掘草原生产潜力,提出相关政策建议。一是发挥草原生态补奖机制的长效驱动作用,紧紧把握推进方式转变,在草畜平衡的范畴中鼓励草地优化利用,以不断挖掘政策效益和可持续挖掘草地的第一性生产潜力和第二性生产力;二是建议和实施可持续挖掘草原生产潜力研发计划行动。重点开展天然草原饲草生产力Grassland which covers 41.7% of the land area is the biggest terrestrial ecosystem of China, with an area at about 0.4 billion hm^2. Grassland is not only the key resources for modern agriculture and animal husbandry, but also the critical defense for country＇s ecosystem safety. However, because of the longtime unreasonable exploitation and utilization, the grassland are facing serious problems such as degrading ecological system, decreasing productivity, prominent conflicts between grass and livestock, low efficiency in animal production, etc. Because of the decreasing of the ecological and productive functions, the grassland area has become one of the limited areas for sustainable development strategy of China. Exploiting the potential of grassland production systematically and sustainably and improving the ecological and productive function of the grassland effectively are the key guarantees for reinforcing ecological safety and ecological civilization construction, accelerating the transformation and development of modern animal husbandry industry. There are three approaches to exploit the potential of grassland productivity. First, reconstruction of the degraded grasslands and improvement of the productivity of natural grasslands. Second, construction of the dry land artificial pasture. Third, development of high efficiency grass industry. Methods such as natural restoration, optimized utilization, and artificially development et al can be taken according to the degrading condition of the grasslands. As a result, these methods can accelerate the process of grassland restoration and improve the grassland productivity by 20% to 30%, even up to 40%-50%. Concerning the limitation of water and soil resources, in semiarid areas, the emphases should be put on changing crop land into forage land and developing dry cultivated pasture; breeding good quality forage varieties with the characteristics of drought resistance, cold hardiness, and grazing tolerance by exploiting the potential of native forage genetic resou

关 键 词：草原生产潜力 退化草原恢复 旱作栽培草地 高效灌溉草地 

分 类 号：S812[农业科学—草业科学]