填闲玉米对京郊设施菜地土壤氮素淋洗影响的模拟分析  

Simulation Analysis of Effect of Planting Summer Catch Crop Sweet Corn on Nitrate Leaching for Greenhouse Vegetable Field in Suburbs of Beijing

作　　者：梁浩 胡克林[2] 侯森[2] 邹国元[3] 王磊 

机构地区：[1]农业部植物营养与肥料重点实验室,北京100081 [2]中国农业大学资源与环境学院,北京100193 [3]北京市农林科学院植物营养与资源研究所,北京100097

出　　处：《农业机械学报》2016年第8期125-136,共12页Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery

基　　金：公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201000314);农业部植物营养与肥料重点实验室开放基金项目(IARRP-2014-36)

摘　　要：在北京郊区开展了3 a(2008—2010年)的田间试验,在前茬蔬菜3种施肥处理(CK,不施肥;N1,施N380 kg/hm2;N2,施N 260 kg/hm2)的基础上,在夏季休闲期分别在N1和N2处理上增设了甜玉米种植处理,即N1C和N2C,以探讨填闲作物种植对京郊设施菜地夏季敞棚期氮素淋失的阻控作用。利用田间系统观测数据对土壤-作物系统水氮管理模型WHCNS进行了校验,并对设施菜地夏季休闲期土壤水氮平衡及氮素淋洗进行了模拟分析。结果表明,休闲处理的水分消耗项主要是蒸发和渗漏,而填闲处理的水分消耗项主要是蒸腾和渗漏,各处理水分渗漏量由大到小依次为:CK、N1、N2、N1C、N2C,甜玉米的种植提高了土壤水分的上行通量,减少了近42%的水分渗漏量。休闲处理的水分平衡均值为正,而填闲处理的水分平衡为负,说明甜玉米的种植消耗了土体储存的水分。硝态氮淋洗量由大到小依次为:N1、N2、CK、N1C、N2C,填闲处理的氮素淋洗量范围为1.3~50.9 kg/hm^2,远低于施肥处理的59.2~273.6 kg/hm2,甚至低于不施肥处理的38.6~151.6 kg/hm^2,N1C和N2C处理的氮素淋洗量分别比N1和N2处理降低80%和85%。因此,在夏季选择深根系的甜玉米作为填闲作物,对硝态氮的淋洗有明显的阻控作用,是降低土壤硝态氮淋失风险最直接有效的措施之一。In order to reduce the effect of intensive rainfall on nitrate leaching in summer for greenhouse vegetable field in North Plain China,a three-year（ 2008—2010） field experiment was conducted in the suburbs of Beijing during the period of intensive rainfall season from July to September. Five different treatments were designed,including three nitrogen fertilizer levels（ CK,no nitrogen fertilizer; N1,380 kg / hm2 and N2,260 kg / hm2 of nitrogen） in previously grown crop,and two other treatments with and without sweet corn as a catch crop based on the treatments of N1 and N2,denoted by N1 C and N2 C,respectively. The three-year field observed data was used to calibrate and validate the WHCNS（ soil water heat carbon nitrogen simulator） model,and subsequently nitrate leaching,and water and nitrogen balance of different treatments were simulated. The results showed that evaporation and drainage were two main pathways of water consumption for the fallow treatments,while the main pathway of catch crop treatments was evapotranspiration and drainage. The amount of water drainage was in the order of CK N1≈N2 N1 C N2 C. Planting sweet corn can reduce nearly 42% of water drainage compared with without catch crop treatments. The water balance for fallow treatments was positive,and it was negative for the catch crop treatments,which indicated that the sweet corn consumed soil water stored in soil profile. The order of nitrate leaching rate of different treatments was N1 N2 CK N1 C N2 C,and the mass of nitrate leaching for catch crop treatments ranged from 1. 3 kg / hm2 to 50. 9 kg / hm2,which was much lower compared with those of N1 and N2 treatments（ 59. 2 ~ 273. 6 kg / hm2）,and even lower than that of the CK treatment（ 38. 6 ~ 151. 6 kg / hm2）. The catch crop reduced 80% and 85% of nitrate leaching compared with treatments of N1 and N2,respectively. It can be concluded that using the deeprooted sweet corn as a catch crop in summer can delay and control the nitrate leaching. Therefore,it can be used as a

关 键 词：玉米 设施蔬菜 填闲作物 水氮模型 水分渗漏 硝酸盐淋失 

分 类 号：S152[农业科学—土壤学] X53[农业科学—农业基础科学]