选择性转移、转移成本与中国城乡收入差距变动  

Selective transfer,transfer costs and changes in the urban-rural income gap in China

作　　者：匡远凤[1] 詹万明[1] 

机构地区：[1]中南财经政法大学经济学院,湖北武汉430073

出　　处：《中国人口·资源与环境》2016年第8期125-134,共10页China Population,Resources and Environment

基　　金：教育部人文社科研究青年基金项目"劳动力选择性转移下的中国农村经济社会发展研究"(批准号:14YJC790057);中南财经政法大学引进人才科研启动金资助项目

摘　　要：本文通过构建由城镇正规、非正规与农村农业部门组成的农村劳动力择优向城镇转移情形下的三部门经济生产和分配模型,对我国20世纪90年代初期以来存在极强选择性和具有高昂转移成本下的城乡劳动力转移对我国城乡收入差距可能产生的影响进行了理论分析,并根据模型对影响进行了数值模拟实验。研究结果表明,农村劳动力的择优转移和转移成本会内生性地引致我国城乡收入差距的扩大。究其原因,主要在于农村中相对优质的劳动力进入到城镇就业,在给城镇居民带来更多回报率较高投资机会的同时,而农业则由于优质人力资本的流出而大大延滞了其发展速度,这种"一促一抑"、"一荣一损"的内在机制势必引致城乡收入差距的扩大,同时转移成本的存在会放大收入差距扩大的程度。进一步地,通过把劳动力选择性转移与随机转移和劣者淘汰不同情形下我国可能出现的城乡收入差距进行对比的反事实分析表明,20世纪90年代初期以来在我国农村大量劳动力不断向城镇转移就业的过程中,劳动力很强择优转移的特性在城乡收入差距进一步扩大中贡献了约1/3的份额,而往返流动的转移成本在城乡收入差距扩大中产生了大约1.2倍的乘数效应,这是本研究得到的两个重要量化结果。为了缩小我国城乡收入差距,文章建议要为农民工市民化创造便利条件,为城乡间资本要素自由流动提供便利渠道,需要将城镇化建设与新农村建设很好地结合,特别是要最大限度地释放农村经济社会发展的自身活力以让农村能人能够在当地更好地施展才干。This paper constructs a three-sector economic model of production and distribution which composes urban formal, non-formal and rural agricultural sectors under the circumstances that rural labor force transfer to the cities selectively. In this framework, we analyze the effects of urban-rural labor force transfer on the urban-rural income gap concerning the strong selectivity and high costs of transfer in China since the early 1990s. And we carry out the numerical simulation experiment for the effects according to our model. Results show that the selectivity of rural labor force transfer and the costs have endogenously widened the urban-rural income gap in China. The main reason is that the employment of rural labor forces with high quality in urban brings more investment opportunities of high returns to urban residents, while it greatly delays the progress of agricultural development in rural areas, that is, the inner mechanism of the two sides leads to a widening urban-rural income gap, meanwhile, transfer costs further magnify it. Furthermore, through comparing the possible urban-rural income gap in our country, concerning different situations of the selective labor transfer, the random labor transfer and the loser eliminating, the counterfactual analysis shows that since early 1990s, the selectively continuous transferring contributes about one third of the expansion of urban-rural income gap, while the back and forth transfer cost caused about 1.2 times of the multiplier effect on the widening of urban-rural income gap. These are the two important quantitative results of this study. To narrow the urban-rural income gap, we suggest to create better conditions for urbanization of rural migrant workers, facilitate the free flow of capital elements between urban and rural, combine the urbanization with the new rural construction, especially release the economic and social vitality to make sure that rural people can put their ability to use.

关 键 词：劳动力选择性转移 转移成本 城乡收入差距扩大 反事实分析 

分 类 号：F24[经济管理—劳动经济]