The emergence, development and regional differences of mixed farming of rice and millet in the upper and middle Huai River Valley, China  

作　　者：YANG YuZhang CHENG ZhiJie LI WeiYa YAO Ling LI ZhanYang LUO WuHong YUAN ZengJian ZHANG Juan ZHANG JuZhong YANG YuZhang;CHENG ZhiJie;LI WeiYa;YAO Ling;LI ZhanYang;LUO WuHong;YUAN ZengJian;ZHANG Juan;ZHANG JuZhong(Department for the History of Science and Scientific Archaeology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China;Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, Leiden 2333CC, the Netherlands;Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Zhengzhou 450000, China)

机构地区：[1]Department for the History of Science and Scientific Archaeology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China [2]Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, Leiden 2333CC, the Netherlands [3]Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Zhengzhou 450000, China

出　　处：《Science China Earth Sciences》2016年第9期1779-1790,共12页中国科学（地球科学英文版）

基　　金：supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDA05130503);National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2015CB953802);the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41472148 & 41502164);the Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project of the Ministry of Education (Grant No. 15YJA780003)

摘　　要：Mixed farming of rice and millet is one of the basic agricultural modes in the upper and middle Huai River Valley(HRV). According to the latest data, this agricultural mode appeared during the middle and late Peiligang Culture(7.8–7.0 ka BP) in the upper HRV, and then became a common subsistence economy in the end of the Neolithic(5.0–4.0 ka BP) in both the upper and middle HRV. However, it is still not clear how this mixed farming developed in the upper HRV after its occurrence, nor are the regional differences in the development of mixed farming between the upper and middle HRV during the Neolithic completely understood. In this paper, flotation and starch analyses were conducted on samples from eight archaeological sites in the upper and middle HRV. The results indicate that the mixed farming of rice and millet first appeared in the later phase of the middle Neolithic in the regions of the Peiligang Culture, then developed quite rapidly in the late Neolithic(6.8–5.0 ka BP), finally becoming the main subsistence economy at the end of the Neolithic in the upper HRV. However, there are obvious differences in the emergence and development of agriculture between the middle and upper HRV. Rice farming was the only agricultural system during the middle Neolithic, lasting until the end of the Neolithic, when mixed farming appeared in the middle HRV. Furthermore, although mixed farming appeared in both the upper and middle HRV during the end of the Neolithic, the roles of rice, foxtail millet and broomcorn millet in the subsistence economy were not the same. In general, millet was more widely cultivated than rice in the upper HRV, but rice occupied the same or a slightly more prominent position in the middle HRV at the end of the Neolithic. These results are significant for understanding the process of agricultural development and transformation, as well as human adaptation to climatic and cultural variability duringthe Neolithic.Mixed farming of rice and millet is one of the basic agricultural modes in the upper and middle Huai River Valley （HRV）. According to the latest data, this agricultural mode appeared during the middle and late Peiligang Culture （7.8-7.0 ka BP） in the upper HRV, and then became a common subsistence economy in the end of the Neolithic （5.04.0 ka BP） in both the upper and middle HRV. However, it is still not clear how this mixed farming developed in the upper HRV after its occurrence, nor are the regional differences in the development of mixed farming between the upper and middle HRV during the Neolithic completely understood. In this paper, flotation and starch analyses were conducted on samples from eight archaeological sites in the upper and middle HRV. The results indicate that the mixed farming of rice and millet first appeared in the later phase of the middle Neolithic in the regions of the Peiligang Culture, then developed quite rapidly in the late Neolithic （6.8-5.0 ka BP）, finally becoming the main subsistence economy at the end of the Neolithic in the upper HRV. However, there are obvious differences in the emergence and development of agriculture between the middle and upper HRV. Rice farming was the only agricultural system during the middle Neolithic, lasting until the end of the Neolithic, when mixed farming appeared in the middle HRV. Furthermore, although mixed farming appeared in both the upper and middle HRV during the end of the Neolithic, the roles of rice, foxtail millet and broomcorn millet in the subsistence economy were not the same. In general, millet was more widely cultivated than rice in the upper HRV, but rice occupied the same or a slightly more prominent position in the middle HRV at the end of the Neolithic. These results are significant for understanding the process of agricultural development and transformation, as well as human adaptation to climatic and cultural variability duringthe Neolithic.

关 键 词：Upper and middle Huai River NEOLITHIC Mixed farming of rice and millet Agricultural development and transformation Regional differences 

分 类 号：S-09[农业科学]