禾谷类作物小孢子脱分化的生理生化机制  

Physiology and Biochemical Mechanism of Microspore Dedifferentiation in Cereal Crops

作　　者：戴力[1] 王学华[1] 

机构地区：[1]湖南农业大学农学院,长沙410128

出　　处：《作物研究》2016年第5期585-593,共9页Crop Research

基　　金：国家科技支撑计划(2013BAD07B11)

摘　　要：禾谷类作物小孢子脱分化是小孢子细胞外环境变化导致内环境改变,从而诱导代谢酶活性、代谢途径以及调控基因表达的变化,最终脱离原有分化状态发生发育途径改变的过程。经各种胁迫预处理后,离体小孢子内发生了饥饿作用、内源激素变化和抗氧化胁迫等一系列生理过程,使得正常发育的结构和信息被破坏或消除,细胞质发生重组,营养核去抑制化,最终实现脱分化。这一过程牵涉到复杂的生理与遗传调控,其中起关键作用的酶和基因主要有:蛋白质水解酶、乙烯和生长素作用相关酶类、氧化还原系统或抗胁迫系统相关酶类、花粉特异蛋白和细胞分裂周期相关蛋白,以及它们的调控基因。对它们进行一定的人为调控可有效地促进禾谷类作物小孢子脱分化和胚胎诱导。Microspore dedifferentiation of cereal crops is a process that with the changing of the extracellular environment, the intracellular environment altered, thus inducing the activity of metabolic enzymes, the metabolic pathway and the regulator gene expression to change, finally breaking away from the original state of differentiation and altering developmental way. After various stress pretreatments, a series of physiological events occurred in the isolated microspores, such as starvation effect,endogenous hormone changes,antioxidant stress,which made the structure and information of the normal development destroyed or elimilated, the cytoplasm restructured, and the division of the vegetative nucleus derepressed, and ulti-mately realizes the dedifferentiation. This process involves complex physiological and genetic regulation, and in which have many key enzymes and genes which have great effects in the microspore dedifferentiation, for example, the protein hydrolases, ethylene and auxin role related enzymes, oxidation - reduction system or anti - stress system related enzymes, pollen specific proteins, cell division related proteins, and their regulator genes. And making some artificial regulation to them may be able to promote the microspore dedifferentiation and embryo induction in cereal crops effectually.

关 键 词：禾谷类作物 小孢子 脱分化 生理机制 遗传模式 生化机制 

分 类 号：Q943.1[生物学—植物学]